diff --git a/app.py b/app.py
index 2390006..88fbbc1 100644
--- a/app.py
+++ b/app.py
@@ -1,11 +1,22 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """云服务器价格对比 - Flask 应用"""
 import io
+from time import monotonic
 from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from urllib.parse import urlencode
 from flask import Flask, render_template, jsonify, request, redirect, url_for, session, send_file
 from werkzeug.middleware.proxy_fix import ProxyFix
 from sqlalchemy import text, func, or_
+from sqlalchemy.orm import joinedload
+from markupsafe import Markup, escape
+try:
+    import markdown as py_markdown
+except Exception:
+    py_markdown = None
+try:
+    import bleach
+except Exception:
+    bleach = None
 from config import Config
 from extensions import db
 from openpyxl import Workbook
@@ -222,6 +233,122 @@ FORUM_NOTIFICATION_TYPE_LABELS = {
 }
 
 
+# 论坛高频数据短时缓存（进程内）
+_FORUM_CACHE_TTL_CATEGORIES = 20.0
+_FORUM_CACHE_TTL_SIDEBAR = 15.0
+_FORUM_CATEGORY_CACHE = {}
+_FORUM_SIDEBAR_CACHE = {"expires_at": 0.0, "data": None}
+
+_MARKDOWN_ALLOWED_TAGS = [
+    "p", "br", "hr",
+    "h1", "h2", "h3", "h4",
+    "strong", "em", "del",
+    "ul", "ol", "li",
+    "blockquote",
+    "pre", "code",
+    "a",
+    "table", "thead", "tbody", "tr", "th", "td",
+]
+_MARKDOWN_ALLOWED_ATTRS = {
+    "a": ["href", "title", "target", "rel"],
+    "code": ["class"],
+    "pre": ["class"],
+}
+_MARKDOWN_EXTENSIONS = [
+    "fenced_code",
+    "tables",
+    "sane_lists",
+    "nl2br",
+]
+
+
+FORUM_NOTIFICATION_TYPE_LABELS_EN = {
+    "post_commented": "New comment",
+    "thread_replied": "New reply",
+    "report_processed": "Report update",
+    "content_removed": "Content moderation",
+}
+
+
+def _get_lang():
+    lang = (
+        request.args.get("lang")
+        or request.form.get("lang")
+        or session.get("lang")
+        or "zh"
+    )
+    lang = (lang or "zh").strip().lower()
+    if lang not in ("zh", "en"):
+        lang = "zh"
+    session["lang"] = lang
+    return lang
+
+
+def _pick_lang(zh_text, en_text, lang=None):
+    active_lang = lang or _get_lang()
+    return en_text if active_lang == "en" else zh_text
+
+
+def _lang_url(lang_code):
+    target_lang = (lang_code or "").strip().lower()
+    if target_lang not in ("zh", "en"):
+        target_lang = "zh"
+    params = {}
+    if request.view_args:
+        params.update(request.view_args)
+    params.update(request.args.to_dict(flat=True))
+    params["lang"] = target_lang
+    try:
+        if request.endpoint:
+            return url_for(request.endpoint, **params)
+    except Exception:
+        pass
+    return "{}?{}".format(request.path, urlencode(params))
+
+
+def _notification_type_label(notif_type, lang=None):
+    active_lang = lang or _get_lang()
+    if active_lang == "en":
+        return FORUM_NOTIFICATION_TYPE_LABELS_EN.get(notif_type, notif_type or "Notification")
+    return FORUM_NOTIFICATION_TYPE_LABELS.get(notif_type, notif_type or "通知")
+
+
+@app.template_global("l")
+def _template_pick_lang(zh_text, en_text):
+    active_lang = session.get("lang", "zh")
+    if active_lang not in ("zh", "en"):
+        active_lang = "zh"
+    return en_text if active_lang == "en" else zh_text
+
+
+@app.template_global("lang_url")
+def _template_lang_url(lang_code):
+    return _lang_url(lang_code)
+
+
+def _render_markdown_html(text):
+    raw = (text or "").strip()
+    if not raw:
+        return Markup("")
+    if py_markdown is None or bleach is None:
+        # 依赖缺失时回退为安全纯文本显示，避免服务启动失败。
+        return Markup("<p>{}</p>".format(str(escape(raw)).replace("\n", "<br>")))
+    html = py_markdown.markdown(raw, extensions=_MARKDOWN_EXTENSIONS)
+    clean_html = bleach.clean(
+        html,
+        tags=_MARKDOWN_ALLOWED_TAGS,
+        attributes=_MARKDOWN_ALLOWED_ATTRS,
+        protocols=["http", "https", "mailto"],
+        strip=True,
+    )
+    return Markup(clean_html)
+
+
+@app.template_filter("markdown_html")
+def markdown_html_filter(text):
+    return _render_markdown_html(text)
+
+
 def _get_current_user():
     user_id = session.get("user_id")
     if not user_id:
@@ -292,10 +419,9 @@ def _create_notification(
 
 
 def _notification_target_url(notification):
+    # 避免通知列表页按条检查帖子存在性导致 N+1 查询。
     if notification.post_id:
-        exists = db.session.get(ForumPost, notification.post_id)
-        if exists:
-            return url_for("forum_post_detail", post_id=notification.post_id)
+        return url_for("forum_post_detail", post_id=notification.post_id)
     return url_for("user_notifications")
 
 
@@ -311,21 +437,32 @@ def _load_forum_categories(active_only=True):
 
 
 def _get_forum_category_names(active_only=True):
+    cache_key = "active" if active_only else "all"
+    now_ts = monotonic()
+    cached = _FORUM_CATEGORY_CACHE.get(cache_key)
+    if cached and cached[0] > now_ts:
+        return list(cached[1])
+
     rows = _load_forum_categories(active_only=active_only)
     names = [x.name for x in rows if x.name]
     if names:
+        _FORUM_CATEGORY_CACHE[cache_key] = (now_ts + _FORUM_CACHE_TTL_CATEGORIES, tuple(names))
         return names
     # 若全部被停用，前台仍回退到已存在分类，避免下拉为空。
     if active_only:
         rows = _load_forum_categories(active_only=False)
         names = [x.name for x in rows if x.name]
         if names:
+            _FORUM_CATEGORY_CACHE[cache_key] = (now_ts + _FORUM_CACHE_TTL_CATEGORIES, tuple(names))
             return names
-    return list(DEFAULT_FORUM_CATEGORIES)
+    fallback = list(DEFAULT_FORUM_CATEGORIES)
+    _FORUM_CATEGORY_CACHE[cache_key] = (now_ts + _FORUM_CACHE_TTL_CATEGORIES, tuple(fallback))
+    return fallback
 
 
 @app.context_processor
 def inject_global_user():
+    lang = _get_lang()
     current_user = _get_current_user()
     notifications_unread_count = 0
     if current_user:
@@ -339,12 +476,14 @@ def inject_global_user():
         "forum_categories": _get_forum_category_names(active_only=True),
         "forum_report_reasons": FORUM_REPORT_REASONS,
         "notifications_unread_count": notifications_unread_count,
+        "lang": lang,
     }
 
 
-def _humanize_time(dt):
+def _humanize_time(dt, lang=None):
     if not dt:
         return ""
+    active_lang = lang or session.get("lang", "zh")
     if dt.tzinfo is None:
         now = datetime.utcnow()
     else:
@@ -354,22 +493,26 @@ def _humanize_time(dt):
     if seconds < 0:
         return dt.strftime("%Y-%m-%d")
     if seconds < 60:
-        return "刚刚"
+        return "just now" if active_lang == "en" else "刚刚"
     if seconds < 3600:
-        return "{} 分钟前".format(seconds // 60)
+        mins = seconds // 60
+        return "{}m ago".format(mins) if active_lang == "en" else "{} 分钟前".format(mins)
     if seconds < 86400:
-        return "{} 小时前".format(seconds // 3600)
+        hours = seconds // 3600
+        return "{}h ago".format(hours) if active_lang == "en" else "{} 小时前".format(hours)
     if seconds < 86400 * 14:
-        return "{} 天前".format(seconds // 86400)
+        days = seconds // 86400
+        return "{}d ago".format(days) if active_lang == "en" else "{} 天前".format(days)
     return dt.strftime("%Y-%m-%d")
 
 
-def _build_forum_post_cards(rows):
+def _build_forum_post_cards(rows, lang=None):
     """将论坛查询结果行转换为列表卡片数据。"""
+    active_lang = lang or _get_lang()
     cards = []
     for post, reply_count, latest_activity, author_name, like_count, bookmark_count in rows:
         latest_activity = latest_activity or post.created_at
-        username = author_name or "用户"
+        username = author_name or _pick_lang("用户", "User", active_lang)
         cards.append({
             "post": post,
             "reply_count": int(reply_count or 0),
@@ -377,14 +520,14 @@ def _build_forum_post_cards(rows):
             "like_count": int(like_count or 0),
             "bookmark_count": int(bookmark_count or 0),
             "latest_activity": latest_activity,
-            "latest_activity_text": _humanize_time(latest_activity),
+            "latest_activity_text": _humanize_time(latest_activity, lang=active_lang),
             "author_name": username,
             "author_initial": (username[0] if username else "?").upper(),
         })
     return cards
 
 
-def _build_forum_url(tab="latest", category=None, q=None, page=1):
+def _build_forum_url(tab="latest", category=None, q=None, page=1, per_page=20):
     """构建论坛列表页链接，并尽量保持 URL 简洁。"""
     params = {}
     if (tab or "latest") != "latest":
@@ -395,6 +538,10 @@ def _build_forum_url(tab="latest", category=None, q=None, page=1):
         params["q"] = q
     if page and int(page) > 1:
         params["page"] = int(page)
+    if per_page:
+        size = int(per_page)
+        if size != 20:
+            params["per_page"] = size
     return url_for("forum_index", **params)
 
 
@@ -473,6 +620,11 @@ def _query_forum_post_rows(active_tab="latest", selected_category=None, search_q
 
 
 def _forum_sidebar_data():
+    now_ts = monotonic()
+    cached = _FORUM_SIDEBAR_CACHE.get("data")
+    if cached is not None and _FORUM_SIDEBAR_CACHE.get("expires_at", 0.0) > now_ts:
+        return dict(cached)
+
     category_counts = (
         db.session.query(ForumPost.category, func.count(ForumPost.id))
         .group_by(ForumPost.category)
@@ -487,13 +639,39 @@ def _forum_sidebar_data():
         .limit(6)
         .all()
     )
-    return {
+    data = {
         "total_users": User.query.count(),
         "total_posts": ForumPost.query.count(),
         "total_comments": ForumComment.query.count(),
         "category_counts": list(category_counts),
         "active_users": list(active_users),
     }
+    _FORUM_SIDEBAR_CACHE["data"] = data
+    _FORUM_SIDEBAR_CACHE["expires_at"] = now_ts + _FORUM_CACHE_TTL_SIDEBAR
+    return dict(data)
+
+
+def _count_forum_posts(selected_category=None, search_query=None, author_id=None):
+    """论坛列表总数查询：避免对重查询语句直接 count 导致慢查询。"""
+    q = (
+        db.session.query(func.count(ForumPost.id))
+        .select_from(ForumPost)
+        .outerjoin(User, User.id == ForumPost.user_id)
+    )
+    if selected_category:
+        q = q.filter(ForumPost.category == selected_category)
+    if author_id is not None:
+        q = q.filter(ForumPost.user_id == author_id)
+    if search_query:
+        pattern = "%{}%".format(search_query)
+        q = q.filter(
+            or_(
+                ForumPost.title.ilike(pattern),
+                ForumPost.content.ilike(pattern),
+                User.username.ilike(pattern),
+            )
+        )
+    return int(q.scalar() or 0)
 
 
 def _currency_symbol(currency):
@@ -715,10 +893,7 @@ I18N = {
 
 @app.route("/")
 def index():
-    lang = request.args.get("lang") or session.get("lang", "zh")
-    if lang not in ("zh", "en"):
-        lang = "zh"
-    session["lang"] = lang
+    lang = _get_lang()
     t = I18N[lang]
     plans = VPSPlan.query.order_by(VPSPlan.provider, VPSPlan.price_cny).all()
     return render_template(
@@ -740,6 +915,7 @@ def api_plans():
 # ---------- 前台用户与论坛 ----------
 @app.route("/register", methods=["GET", "POST"])
 def user_register():
+    lang = _get_lang()
     current = _get_current_user()
     if current:
         if _is_banned_user(current):
@@ -753,13 +929,17 @@ def user_register():
         confirm_password = request.form.get("confirm_password") or ""
 
         if not _is_valid_username(username):
-            error = "用户名需为 3-20 位，仅支持字母、数字、下划线"
+            error = _pick_lang(
+                "用户名需为 3-20 位，仅支持字母、数字、下划线",
+                "Username must be 3-20 chars (letters, numbers, underscore).",
+                lang,
+            )
         elif len(password) < 6:
-            error = "密码至少 6 位"
+            error = _pick_lang("密码至少 6 位", "Password must be at least 6 characters.", lang)
         elif password != confirm_password:
-            error = "两次输入的密码不一致"
+            error = _pick_lang("两次输入的密码不一致", "Passwords do not match.", lang)
         elif User.query.filter(func.lower(User.username) == username.lower()).first():
-            error = "用户名已存在"
+            error = _pick_lang("用户名已存在", "Username already exists.", lang)
         else:
             user = User(username=username)
             user.set_password(password)
@@ -774,6 +954,7 @@ def user_register():
 
 @app.route("/login", methods=["GET", "POST"])
 def user_login():
+    lang = _get_lang()
     current = _get_current_user()
     if current:
         if _is_banned_user(current):
@@ -786,7 +967,7 @@ def user_login():
         password = request.form.get("password") or ""
         user = User.query.filter(func.lower(User.username) == username.lower()).first()
         if not user or not user.check_password(password):
-            error = "用户名或密码错误"
+            error = _pick_lang("用户名或密码错误", "Invalid username or password.", lang)
         elif _is_banned_user(user):
             error = _user_ban_message(user)
         else:
@@ -811,6 +992,7 @@ def user_profile_redirect():
 @app.route("/me", methods=["GET", "POST"])
 @user_login_required
 def user_profile():
+    lang = _get_lang()
     user = _get_current_user()
     tab = (request.args.get("tab") or "posts").strip().lower()
     if tab not in {"posts", "comments", "likes", "bookmarks", "settings"}:
@@ -821,42 +1003,50 @@ def user_profile():
         if action == "profile":
             username = (request.form.get("username") or "").strip()
             if username == user.username:
-                return redirect(url_for("user_profile", tab="settings", msg="资料未变更"))
+                return redirect(url_for("user_profile", tab="settings", msg=_pick_lang("资料未变更", "No changes detected.", lang)))
             if not _is_valid_username(username):
-                return redirect(url_for("user_profile", tab="settings", error="用户名需为 3-20 位，仅支持字母、数字、下划线"))
+                return redirect(url_for(
+                    "user_profile",
+                    tab="settings",
+                    error=_pick_lang(
+                        "用户名需为 3-20 位，仅支持字母、数字、下划线",
+                        "Username must be 3-20 chars (letters, numbers, underscore).",
+                        lang,
+                    ),
+                ))
             exists = (
                 User.query
                 .filter(func.lower(User.username) == username.lower(), User.id != user.id)
                 .first()
             )
             if exists:
-                return redirect(url_for("user_profile", tab="settings", error="用户名已存在"))
+                return redirect(url_for("user_profile", tab="settings", error=_pick_lang("用户名已存在", "Username already exists.", lang)))
             user.username = username
             db.session.commit()
-            return redirect(url_for("user_profile", tab="settings", msg="用户名已更新"))
+            return redirect(url_for("user_profile", tab="settings", msg=_pick_lang("用户名已更新", "Username updated.", lang)))
 
         if action == "password":
             current_password = request.form.get("current_password") or ""
             new_password = request.form.get("new_password") or ""
             confirm_password = request.form.get("confirm_password") or ""
             if not user.check_password(current_password):
-                return redirect(url_for("user_profile", tab="settings", error="当前密码错误"))
+                return redirect(url_for("user_profile", tab="settings", error=_pick_lang("当前密码错误", "Current password is incorrect.", lang)))
             if len(new_password) < 6:
-                return redirect(url_for("user_profile", tab="settings", error="新密码至少 6 位"))
+                return redirect(url_for("user_profile", tab="settings", error=_pick_lang("新密码至少 6 位", "New password must be at least 6 characters.", lang)))
             if new_password != confirm_password:
-                return redirect(url_for("user_profile", tab="settings", error="两次新密码输入不一致"))
+                return redirect(url_for("user_profile", tab="settings", error=_pick_lang("两次新密码输入不一致", "New passwords do not match.", lang)))
             user.set_password(new_password)
             db.session.commit()
-            return redirect(url_for("user_profile", tab="settings", msg="密码已更新"))
+            return redirect(url_for("user_profile", tab="settings", msg=_pick_lang("密码已更新", "Password updated.", lang)))
 
-        return redirect(url_for("user_profile", tab="settings", error="未知操作"))
+        return redirect(url_for("user_profile", tab="settings", error=_pick_lang("未知操作", "Unknown action.", lang)))
 
     my_post_rows = (
         _query_forum_post_rows(active_tab="latest", author_id=user.id)
         .limit(60)
         .all()
     )
-    my_post_cards = _build_forum_post_cards(my_post_rows)
+    my_post_cards = _build_forum_post_cards(my_post_rows, lang=lang)
     my_comment_rows = (
         db.session.query(
             ForumComment,
@@ -952,11 +1142,16 @@ def user_profile():
 @app.route("/notifications")
 @user_login_required
 def user_notifications():
+    lang = _get_lang()
     user = _get_current_user()
     status = (request.args.get("status") or "all").strip().lower()
     if status not in {"all", "unread", "read"}:
         status = "all"
-    q = ForumNotification.query.filter_by(user_id=user.id)
+    q = (
+        ForumNotification.query
+        .filter_by(user_id=user.id)
+        .options(joinedload(ForumNotification.actor_rel))
+    )
     if status == "unread":
         q = q.filter_by(is_read=False)
     elif status == "read":
@@ -966,13 +1161,24 @@ def user_notifications():
     for n in rows:
         items.append({
             "notification": n,
-            "type_label": FORUM_NOTIFICATION_TYPE_LABELS.get(n.notif_type, n.notif_type or "通知"),
+            "type_label": _notification_type_label(n.notif_type, lang=lang),
             "actor_name": n.actor_rel.username if n.actor_rel else "",
             "target_url": _notification_target_url(n),
-            "time_text": _humanize_time(n.created_at),
+            "time_text": _humanize_time(n.created_at, lang=lang),
         })
-    unread_count = ForumNotification.query.filter_by(user_id=user.id, is_read=False).count()
-    read_count = ForumNotification.query.filter_by(user_id=user.id, is_read=True).count()
+    status_rows = (
+        db.session.query(ForumNotification.is_read, func.count(ForumNotification.id))
+        .filter_by(user_id=user.id)
+        .group_by(ForumNotification.is_read)
+        .all()
+    )
+    read_count = 0
+    unread_count = 0
+    for is_read, count_val in status_rows:
+        if bool(is_read):
+            read_count = int(count_val or 0)
+        else:
+            unread_count = int(count_val or 0)
     return render_template(
         "forum/notifications.html",
         active_status=status,
@@ -988,10 +1194,11 @@ def user_notifications():
 @app.route("/notification/<int:notification_id>/go")
 @user_login_required
 def user_notification_go(notification_id):
+    lang = _get_lang()
     user = _get_current_user()
     n = ForumNotification.query.get_or_404(notification_id)
     if n.user_id != user.id:
-        return redirect(url_for("user_notifications", error="无权访问该通知"))
+        return redirect(url_for("user_notifications", error=_pick_lang("无权访问该通知", "Permission denied for this notification.", lang)))
     if not n.is_read:
         n.is_read = True
         db.session.commit()
@@ -1001,32 +1208,36 @@ def user_notification_go(notification_id):
 @app.route("/notification/<int:notification_id>/read", methods=["POST"])
 @user_login_required
 def user_notification_read(notification_id):
+    lang = _get_lang()
     user = _get_current_user()
     n = ForumNotification.query.get_or_404(notification_id)
     if n.user_id != user.id:
-        return redirect(url_for("user_notifications", error="无权操作该通知"))
+        return redirect(url_for("user_notifications", error=_pick_lang("无权操作该通知", "Permission denied for this notification.", lang)))
     if not n.is_read:
         n.is_read = True
         db.session.commit()
     next_url = (request.form.get("next") or "").strip()
     if next_url.startswith("/") and not next_url.startswith("//"):
         return redirect(next_url)
-    return redirect(url_for("user_notifications", msg="已标记为已读"))
+    return redirect(url_for("user_notifications", msg=_pick_lang("已标记为已读", "Marked as read.", lang)))
 
 
 @app.route("/notifications/read-all", methods=["POST"])
 @user_login_required
 def user_notifications_read_all():
+    lang = _get_lang()
     user = _get_current_user()
     unread = ForumNotification.query.filter_by(user_id=user.id, is_read=False)
     updated = unread.update({"is_read": True}, synchronize_session=False)
     db.session.commit()
-    msg = "已全部标记为已读" if updated else "没有未读通知"
+    msg = _pick_lang("已全部标记为已读", "All notifications marked as read.", lang) if updated else _pick_lang("没有未读通知", "No unread notifications.", lang)
     return redirect(url_for("user_notifications", msg=msg))
 
 
 @app.route("/forum")
 def forum_index():
+    lang = _get_lang()
+    per_page_options = [10, 20, 30, 50]
     active_tab = (request.args.get("tab") or "latest").strip().lower()
     if active_tab not in {"latest", "new", "hot"}:
         active_tab = "latest"
@@ -1039,19 +1250,24 @@ def forum_index():
     page = request.args.get("page", type=int) or 1
     if page < 1:
         page = 1
-    per_page = 20
+    per_page = request.args.get("per_page", type=int) or 20
+    if per_page not in per_page_options:
+        per_page = 20
 
     rows_query = _query_forum_post_rows(
         active_tab=active_tab,
         selected_category=selected_category,
         search_query=search_query or None,
     )
-    total_posts = rows_query.order_by(None).count()
+    total_posts = _count_forum_posts(
+        selected_category=selected_category,
+        search_query=search_query or None,
+    )
     total_pages = max((total_posts + per_page - 1) // per_page, 1)
     if page > total_pages:
         page = total_pages
     rows = rows_query.offset((page - 1) * per_page).limit(per_page).all()
-    post_cards = _build_forum_post_cards(rows)
+    post_cards = _build_forum_post_cards(rows, lang=lang)
 
     sidebar = _forum_sidebar_data()
     category_count_map = {name: int(count or 0) for name, count in (sidebar.get("category_counts") or [])}
@@ -1063,9 +1279,9 @@ def forum_index():
         category_names.insert(0, selected_category)
 
     tab_defs = [
-        ("latest", "最新"),
-        ("new", "新帖"),
-        ("hot", "热门"),
+        ("latest", _pick_lang("最新", "Latest", lang)),
+        ("new", _pick_lang("新帖", "New", lang)),
+        ("hot", _pick_lang("热门", "Top", lang)),
     ]
     tab_links = [
         {
@@ -1076,6 +1292,7 @@ def forum_index():
                 category=selected_category,
                 q=search_query or None,
                 page=1,
+                per_page=per_page,
             ),
             "active": active_tab == key,
         }
@@ -1083,9 +1300,15 @@ def forum_index():
     ]
     category_links = [
         {
-            "name": "全部",
+            "name": _pick_lang("全部", "All", lang),
             "count": None,
-            "url": _build_forum_url(tab=active_tab, category=None, q=search_query or None, page=1),
+            "url": _build_forum_url(
+                tab=active_tab,
+                category=None,
+                q=search_query or None,
+                page=1,
+                per_page=per_page,
+            ),
             "active": selected_category is None,
         }
     ]
@@ -1093,7 +1316,13 @@ def forum_index():
         category_links.append({
             "name": name,
             "count": category_count_map.get(name, 0),
-            "url": _build_forum_url(tab=active_tab, category=name, q=search_query or None, page=1),
+            "url": _build_forum_url(
+                tab=active_tab,
+                category=name,
+                q=search_query or None,
+                page=1,
+                per_page=per_page,
+            ),
             "active": selected_category == name,
         })
 
@@ -1102,6 +1331,7 @@ def forum_index():
         category=selected_category or (category_names[0] if category_names else None),
         q=search_query or None,
         page=1,
+        per_page=per_page,
     )
 
     window_start = max(1, page - 2)
@@ -1114,6 +1344,7 @@ def forum_index():
                 category=selected_category,
                 q=search_query or None,
                 page=num,
+                per_page=per_page,
             ),
             "active": num == page,
         }
@@ -1122,13 +1353,13 @@ def forum_index():
 
     has_filters = bool(selected_category or search_query or active_tab != "latest")
     if search_query and selected_category:
-        empty_hint = "当前分类下没有匹配关键词的帖子。"
+        empty_hint = _pick_lang("当前分类下没有匹配关键词的帖子。", "No posts match your keywords in this category.", lang)
     elif search_query:
-        empty_hint = "没有匹配关键词的帖子。"
+        empty_hint = _pick_lang("没有匹配关键词的帖子。", "No posts match your keywords.", lang)
     elif selected_category:
-        empty_hint = "该分类暂时没有帖子。"
+        empty_hint = _pick_lang("该分类暂时没有帖子。", "No posts in this category yet.", lang)
     else:
-        empty_hint = "当前没有帖子，点击右上角按钮发布第一条内容。"
+        empty_hint = _pick_lang("当前没有帖子，点击右上角按钮发布第一条内容。", "No posts yet. Create the first topic from the top-right button.", lang)
 
     result_start = ((page - 1) * per_page + 1) if total_posts else 0
     result_end = min(page * per_page, total_posts) if total_posts else 0
@@ -1154,24 +1385,29 @@ def forum_index():
             category=selected_category,
             q=search_query or None,
             page=page - 1,
+            per_page=per_page,
         ),
         next_page_url=_build_forum_url(
             tab=active_tab,
             category=selected_category,
             q=search_query or None,
             page=page + 1,
+            per_page=per_page,
         ),
         clear_search_url=_build_forum_url(
             tab=active_tab,
             category=selected_category,
             q=None,
             page=1,
+            per_page=per_page,
         ),
-        clear_all_url=_build_forum_url(tab="latest", category=None, q=None, page=1),
+        clear_all_url=_build_forum_url(tab="latest", category=None, q=None, page=1, per_page=per_page),
         has_filters=has_filters,
         empty_hint=empty_hint,
         result_start=result_start,
         result_end=result_end,
+        per_page=per_page,
+        per_page_options=per_page_options,
         message=request.args.get("msg") or "",
         error=request.args.get("error") or "",
     )
@@ -1180,6 +1416,7 @@ def forum_index():
 @app.route("/forum/post/new", methods=["GET", "POST"])
 @user_login_required
 def forum_post_new():
+    lang = _get_lang()
     user = _get_current_user()
     blocked_resp = _ensure_forum_interaction_user(user)
     if blocked_resp:
@@ -1196,11 +1433,11 @@ def forum_post_new():
         if category not in available_categories:
             category = available_categories[0] if available_categories else "综合讨论"
         if len(title) < 5:
-            error = "标题至少 5 个字符"
+            error = _pick_lang("标题至少 5 个字符", "Title must be at least 5 characters.", lang)
         elif len(title) > 160:
-            error = "标题不能超过 160 个字符"
+            error = _pick_lang("标题不能超过 160 个字符", "Title must be 160 characters or fewer.", lang)
         elif len(content) < 10:
-            error = "内容至少 10 个字符"
+            error = _pick_lang("内容至少 10 个字符", "Content must be at least 10 characters.", lang)
         else:
             post = ForumPost(
                 user_id=user.id,
@@ -1218,8 +1455,8 @@ def forum_post_new():
         content_val=content,
         category_val=category,
         categories=available_categories,
-        page_title="创建新主题",
-        submit_text="发布主题",
+        page_title=_pick_lang("创建新主题", "Create Topic", lang),
+        submit_text=_pick_lang("发布主题", "Publish", lang),
         action_url=url_for("forum_post_new"),
         cancel_url=url_for("forum_index"),
         form_mode="create",
@@ -1229,6 +1466,7 @@ def forum_post_new():
 @app.route("/forum/post/<int:post_id>/edit", methods=["GET", "POST"])
 @user_login_required
 def forum_post_edit(post_id):
+    lang = _get_lang()
     post = ForumPost.query.get_or_404(post_id)
     user = _get_current_user()
     blocked_resp = _ensure_forum_interaction_user(user, post_id=post.id)
@@ -1251,11 +1489,11 @@ def forum_post_edit(post_id):
         if category not in available_categories:
             category = available_categories[0] if available_categories else "综合讨论"
         if len(title) < 5:
-            error = "标题至少 5 个字符"
+            error = _pick_lang("标题至少 5 个字符", "Title must be at least 5 characters.", lang)
         elif len(title) > 160:
-            error = "标题不能超过 160 个字符"
+            error = _pick_lang("标题不能超过 160 个字符", "Title must be 160 characters or fewer.", lang)
         elif len(content) < 10:
-            error = "内容至少 10 个字符"
+            error = _pick_lang("内容至少 10 个字符", "Content must be at least 10 characters.", lang)
         else:
             post.title = title
             post.content = content
@@ -1270,8 +1508,8 @@ def forum_post_edit(post_id):
         content_val=content,
         category_val=category,
         categories=available_categories,
-        page_title="编辑主题",
-        submit_text="保存修改",
+        page_title=_pick_lang("编辑主题", "Edit Topic", lang),
+        submit_text=_pick_lang("保存修改", "Save Changes", lang),
         action_url=url_for("forum_post_edit", post_id=post.id),
         cancel_url=url_for("forum_post_detail", post_id=post.id),
         form_mode="edit",
@@ -1305,6 +1543,7 @@ def forum_post_detail(post_id):
         db.session.commit()
     comments = (
         ForumComment.query
+        .options(joinedload(ForumComment.author_rel))
         .filter_by(post_id=post.id)
         .order_by(ForumComment.created_at.asc(), ForumComment.id.asc())
         .all()
@@ -1591,6 +1830,11 @@ Sitemap: {url}/sitemap.xml
     return resp
 
 
+@app.route("/favicon.ico")
+def favicon():
+    return redirect(url_for("static", filename="img/site-logo-mark.svg"))
+
+
 # ---------- 后台 ----------
 @app.route("/admin/login", methods=["GET", "POST"])
 def admin_login():
diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
index 84be02d..28df2a8 100644
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -3,3 +3,5 @@ flask-sqlalchemy>=3.1.0
 PyMySQL>=1.1.0
 cryptography>=41.0.0
 openpyxl>=3.1.0
+markdown>=3.6
+bleach>=6.1.0
diff --git a/seed_forum_demo.py b/seed_forum_demo.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0465222
--- /dev/null
+++ b/seed_forum_demo.py
@@ -0,0 +1,656 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""批量生成论坛演示内容：用户、帖子、评论、点赞、收藏。"""
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
+
+from app import app, db
+from models import User, ForumPost, ForumComment, ForumCategory, ForumPostLike, ForumPostBookmark
+
+
+DEFAULT_PASSWORD = "Forum123456"
+
+USERS = [
+    {"username": "ops_alan", "password": DEFAULT_PASSWORD},
+    {"username": "dev_yuki", "password": DEFAULT_PASSWORD},
+    {"username": "cloud_nana", "password": DEFAULT_PASSWORD},
+    {"username": "linux_mason", "password": DEFAULT_PASSWORD},
+    {"username": "sec_neo", "password": DEFAULT_PASSWORD},
+    {"username": "ai_rookie", "password": DEFAULT_PASSWORD},
+]
+
+
+POSTS = [
+    {
+        "title": "Ubuntu 22.04 安装宝塔面板后的 10 项安全加固（实战清单）",
+        "author": "ops_alan",
+        "category": "运维经验",
+        "days_ago": 7,
+        "is_featured": True,
+        "content": """背景：很多同学装完宝塔就直接上线，结果 2-3 天就被扫端口、爆破后台。
+
+我自己在生产环境里执行的加固顺序如下，基本可以在 30 分钟内做完：
+1. 安装后第一时间修改宝塔面板入口和端口，不使用默认路径。
+2. 宝塔后台开启登录限制（失败次数锁定 + 验证码 + 仅允许白名单 IP）。
+3. SSH 禁止 root 密码登录，只保留密钥登录；同时改 SSH 端口并记录在资产台账。
+4. 开启 UFW / firewalld，只放行必须端口（22/80/443），其余全部拒绝。
+5. 云厂商安全组与系统防火墙双层控制，避免“安全组放行过宽”。
+6. 删除不必要的默认站点，避免目录遍历和弱口令后台暴露。
+7. 数据库不要对公网开放 3306，应用与数据库尽量走内网。
+8. 配置定时备份（站点、数据库、配置文件），并异地存储。
+9. 安装 fail2ban，对 SSH 和 Web 登录做自动封禁。
+10. 上线后立即做一次端口扫描与弱口令自检，确认暴露面。
+
+建议：宝塔是效率工具，不是安全工具。上线前至少做一次“攻击面最小化”检查。""",
+        "comments": [
+            ("sec_neo", "这个清单很实用，尤其是 SSH 密钥登录 + fail2ban，很多人会忽略。"),
+            ("cloud_nana", "补充一点：最好把宝塔登录入口放到仅内网访问，再通过跳板机管理。"),
+        ],
+        "likes": ["dev_yuki", "cloud_nana", "linux_mason", "sec_neo"],
+        "bookmarks": ["dev_yuki", "ai_rookie", "linux_mason"],
+    },
+    {
+        "title": "服务器开放端口的正确姿势：安全组、防火墙、服务监听三层排查",
+        "author": "sec_neo",
+        "category": "运维经验",
+        "days_ago": 6,
+        "content": """很多“端口开了但访问不到”的问题，本质是三层中有一层没打通。
+
+排查顺序建议固定为：
+第一层：云安全组
+- 入站规则是否允许目标端口（如 80/443）；
+- 来源 CIDR 是否过于严格（如只放了办公网）；
+- 是否误把规则加在了错误的网卡或实例组。
+
+第二层：系统防火墙
+- `ufw status` / `firewall-cmd --list-all` 检查是否放行；
+- 是否有默认拒绝策略导致端口被拦；
+- 改完记得 reload。
+
+第三层：服务监听
+- `ss -lntp | grep 80` 检查进程是否监听；
+- 注意监听地址是 `0.0.0.0` 还是 `127.0.0.1`；
+- 应用容器端口映射是否正确（Docker 常见问题）。
+
+最后一步：
+- 本机 `curl 127.0.0.1:端口`；
+- 内网 `curl 内网IP:端口`；
+- 外网 `curl 公网IP:端口`。
+
+这样基本 10-15 分钟能定位到具体环节。""",
+        "comments": [
+            ("ops_alan", "三层模型非常清晰，新手排障直接照这个顺序来就行。"),
+            ("ai_rookie", "我之前就是服务只监听 127.0.0.1，难怪外网怎么都不通。"),
+        ],
+        "likes": ["ops_alan", "dev_yuki", "ai_rookie"],
+        "bookmarks": ["ops_alan", "cloud_nana", "ai_rookie"],
+    },
+    {
+        "title": "Nginx 绑定域名 + HTTPS 全流程（含 301、HSTS、自动续期）",
+        "author": "cloud_nana",
+        "category": "运维经验",
+        "days_ago": 5,
+        "is_featured": True,
+        "content": """这篇给一个可直接落地的域名绑定流程，适合新站上线：
+
+步骤 1：DNS 解析
+- A 记录指向服务器公网 IP；
+- 等待生效（通常 1-10 分钟，部分服务商更久）。
+
+步骤 2：Nginx server block
+- `server_name` 填主域名 + www；
+- 先用 HTTP 跑通站点，不要一开始就上证书。
+
+步骤 3：申请证书（Let's Encrypt）
+- 推荐 certbot；
+- 申请成功后检查证书路径和 Nginx 引用是否一致。
+
+步骤 4：强制 HTTPS
+- 80 端口统一做 301 跳转到 https；
+- 保留 ACME 验证路径例外（如果你用 webroot 方式）。
+
+步骤 5：安全头
+- 开启 HSTS（先短时间，再逐步拉长）；
+- 可补充 `X-Content-Type-Options`、`X-Frame-Options`。
+
+步骤 6：自动续期
+- `certbot renew --dry-run` 先验证；
+- 用 systemd timer / crontab 定期续期并 reload Nginx。
+
+上线后建议在 SSL Labs 跑一遍，确保协议和套件配置达标。""",
+        "comments": [
+            ("linux_mason", "赞同先 HTTP 再 HTTPS，很多人一上来配证书容易定位困难。"),
+            ("sec_neo", "HSTS 建议分阶段，别一开始就 preload，回滚会很麻烦。"),
+        ],
+        "likes": ["ops_alan", "linux_mason", "sec_neo", "dev_yuki"],
+        "bookmarks": ["ops_alan", "linux_mason", "ai_rookie"],
+    },
+    {
+        "title": "OpenClaw 在 Ubuntu 服务器安装与 systemd 守护（可维护版）",
+        "author": "dev_yuki",
+        "category": "运维经验",
+        "days_ago": 4,
+        "content": """分享我在 Ubuntu 22.04 上部署 OpenClaw 的方式，重点是“稳定运行 + 易于维护”。
+
+推荐目录结构：
+- `/opt/openclaw`：程序目录
+- `/etc/openclaw/`：配置目录
+- `/var/log/openclaw/`：日志目录
+
+部署建议：
+1. 用独立系统用户运行（不要用 root）。
+2. 配置文件与程序文件分离，便于升级回滚。
+3. 写 systemd 服务：
+   - `Restart=always`
+   - `RestartSec=5`
+   - 限制权限（`NoNewPrivileges=true` 等）
+4. 日志统一走 journald 或文件滚动，避免磁盘被打满。
+5. 升级流程采用“解压新版本 -> 切换软链 -> 重启服务”。
+
+上线前 checklist：
+- `systemctl status openclaw`
+- `journalctl -u openclaw -n 200`
+- 健康检查接口可用
+- 端口仅对需要的来源开放
+
+这样做的好处是：故障定位快、升级可回滚、不会因为单次异常导致服务长期不可用。""",
+        "comments": [
+            ("ops_alan", "目录分层 + 软链切换这个方案很稳，适合长期维护。"),
+            ("cloud_nana", "建议再加个健康检查脚本，配合告警一起用效果更好。"),
+        ],
+        "likes": ["ops_alan", "cloud_nana", "linux_mason"],
+        "bookmarks": ["ops_alan", "sec_neo", "ai_rookie"],
+    },
+    {
+        "title": "宝塔部署 Flask：Gunicorn + Nginx + Supervisor 一次跑通",
+        "author": "linux_mason",
+        "category": "运维经验",
+        "days_ago": 3,
+        "content": """很多同学卡在“本地能跑，宝塔上线 502”。我这边给一个稳定组合：
+
+架构：
+Nginx (80/443) -> Gunicorn (127.0.0.1:8000) -> Flask App
+
+关键点：
+1. Flask 不直接对外暴露，Gunicorn 只监听本机回环地址。
+2. Nginx `proxy_pass` 指向 Gunicorn，注意 `proxy_set_header` 要完整。
+3. Gunicorn worker 数量按 CPU 计算，不要盲目拉满。
+4. 用 Supervisor/systemd 托管 Gunicorn，防止进程意外退出。
+5. 目录权限统一，避免静态文件 403。
+
+常见坑：
+- 虚拟环境没激活导致依赖缺失；
+- Nginx 与 Gunicorn socket/端口不一致；
+- 项目根目录配置错误导致模块导入失败。
+
+建议每次发布后执行：
+- `nginx -t`
+- 访问健康检查 URL
+- 查看 Nginx 和应用日志是否有 5xx。""",
+        "comments": [
+            ("dev_yuki", "Gunicorn 只监听 127.0.0.1 这点很重要，安全收益很高。"),
+            ("ai_rookie", "终于理解 502 的定位方式了，之前一直只看应用日志。"),
+        ],
+        "likes": ["ops_alan", "dev_yuki", "cloud_nana", "ai_rookie"],
+        "bookmarks": ["cloud_nana", "ai_rookie", "sec_neo"],
+    },
+    {
+        "title": "为什么放行了 80/443 还是打不开网站？15 分钟排障流程",
+        "author": "ai_rookie",
+        "category": "新手提问",
+        "days_ago": 2,
+        "is_pinned": True,
+        "content": """我把安全组 80/443 放开了，但浏览器还是超时。请大家帮忙看看排障顺序是否正确：
+
+我目前做了：
+1. 云安全组入站已放行 80/443（来源 0.0.0.0/0）。
+2. Ubuntu 上 `ufw allow 80,443/tcp`。
+3. Nginx 已启动，`systemctl status nginx` 显示 active。
+4. 域名 A 记录已指向服务器公网 IP。
+
+我准备进一步排查：
+- `ss -lntp | grep :80` 确认监听地址；
+- 本机 curl 127.0.0.1；
+- 外网 curl 公网 IP；
+- 检查 Nginx default server 是否误拦截。
+
+如果还有常见遗漏项，请大家补充一下，我整理后回帖反馈结果。""",
+        "comments": [
+            ("sec_neo", "再查一下运营商端口封禁和实例是否有公网带宽，这两个也常见。"),
+            ("cloud_nana", "域名解析生效可以用 dig/nslookup 验证，避免本地 DNS 缓存干扰。"),
+            ("ops_alan", "可以先不用域名，直接公网 IP 打通后再回到域名层。"),
+        ],
+        "likes": ["ops_alan", "cloud_nana", "dev_yuki", "linux_mason"],
+        "bookmarks": ["ops_alan", "dev_yuki"],
+    },
+    {
+        "title": "新服务器首日初始化 SOP：账号、时间、日志、监控一步到位",
+        "author": "ops_alan",
+        "category": "运维经验",
+        "days_ago": 1,
+        "content": """为了避免“上线后再补安全”这种被动局面，我把新机初始化收敛成一个 SOP：
+
+基础项：
+- 创建普通运维账号 + sudo；
+- 配置 SSH 密钥登录；
+- 关闭 root 密码登录；
+- 设置时区、NTP 同步。
+
+系统项：
+- 安装常用诊断工具（curl, wget, vim, htop, lsof, ss）；
+- 配置日志轮转；
+- 开启防火墙并最小放行。
+
+可观测项：
+- 主机监控（CPU、内存、磁盘、负载）；
+- 进程可用性检查；
+- 磁盘与证书过期告警。
+
+交付项：
+- 资产信息登记（IP、用途、负责人、到期时间）；
+- 变更记录模板；
+- 回滚方案。
+
+这个流程固定下来后，服务器上线质量会稳定很多。""",
+        "comments": [
+            ("linux_mason", "强烈建议把资产台账自动化，不然机器一多很容易混乱。"),
+            ("sec_neo", "同意，首日就把监控和告警接好，能省很多夜间故障时间。"),
+        ],
+        "likes": ["dev_yuki", "cloud_nana", "linux_mason", "sec_neo", "ai_rookie"],
+        "bookmarks": ["dev_yuki", "cloud_nana", "ai_rookie"],
+    },
+    {
+        "title": "服务器端口规划建议：Web、数据库、SSH 与内网隔离实践",
+        "author": "sec_neo",
+        "category": "综合讨论",
+        "days_ago": 1,
+        "is_featured": True,
+        "content": """分享一个适合中小团队的端口规划思路，核心目标是“暴露最小化”：
+
+公网可见：
+- 80/443：Web 流量入口（建议统一走 Nginx/网关）
+- 22：仅白名单 IP，最好配合堡垒机
+
+仅内网可见：
+- 3306/5432：数据库
+- 6379：缓存
+- 9200：搜索服务（若有）
+
+管理面：
+- 面板、监控、日志平台尽量不直接暴露公网；
+- 必要时使用 VPN / 跳板机访问。
+
+执行原则：
+1. 先拒绝，后放行（default deny）。
+2. 安全组与主机防火墙同时配置。
+3. 定期做“端口盘点”和“僵尸规则清理”。
+
+端口规划不是一次性工作，建议每月复盘一次，防止规则持续膨胀。""",
+        "comments": [
+            ("ops_alan", "我们团队也是按这个思路做，尤其是数据库绝不出公网。"),
+            ("dev_yuki", "建议再加一条：高危端口变更必须走审批和审计。"),
+        ],
+        "likes": ["ops_alan", "cloud_nana", "dev_yuki", "linux_mason"],
+        "bookmarks": ["ops_alan", "linux_mason", "ai_rookie", "cloud_nana"],
+    },
+    {
+        "title": "宝塔里 Nginx 显示运行中，但网站一直 502，应该按什么顺序排查？",
+        "author": "ai_rookie",
+        "category": "新手提问",
+        "days_ago": 0,
+        "is_pinned": True,
+        "content": """我在宝塔上部署了 Flask，Nginx 状态是绿色“运行中”，但是访问域名一直 502。
+
+目前我确认过：
+1. 域名解析已经指向服务器 IP；
+2. 80/443 在安全组里放行；
+3. 应用进程偶尔会起来，但不稳定。
+
+请问排查顺序是不是这样更高效？
+- 看 Nginx 错误日志（确认是 upstream 超时还是连接拒绝）；
+- 用 `ss -lntp` 看 Gunicorn 是否在监听；
+- 本机 curl `127.0.0.1:应用端口`；
+- 检查宝塔反向代理的目标端口是否写错；
+- 查看应用日志是否有导入错误或环境变量缺失。
+
+如果还有常见坑，请大家补充一下，我整理成 checklist。""",
+        "comments": [
+            ("linux_mason", "顺序正确。先从 Nginx error.log 判断是 connect refused 还是 timeout，再决定下一步。"),
+            ("dev_yuki", "补充：检查 Python 虚拟环境路径，宝塔里最容易因为路径错导致 Gunicorn 启动失败。"),
+            ("ops_alan", "再确认一下 systemd/supervisor 是否开启自动拉起，不然进程崩了就一直 502。"),
+        ],
+        "likes": ["ops_alan", "linux_mason", "dev_yuki", "cloud_nana"],
+        "bookmarks": ["ops_alan", "dev_yuki", "sec_neo"],
+    },
+    {
+        "title": "域名解析已经改了，为什么访问还是旧服务器？DNS 缓存怎么判断？",
+        "author": "ai_rookie",
+        "category": "新手提问",
+        "days_ago": 0,
+        "content": """我把 A 记录改到新 VPS 后，自己电脑访问还是旧站点，但手机 4G 打开有时是新站。
+
+我怀疑是 DNS 缓存问题，想确认排查步骤：
+1. `dig 域名 +short` 看当前解析结果；
+2. 对比不同 DNS（8.8.8.8 / 1.1.1.1 / 本地运营商）；
+3. 清本地 DNS 缓存 + 浏览器缓存；
+4. 检查是否还有 AAAA 记录指向旧机器；
+5. 观察 TTL 到期时间。
+
+有没有更稳妥的切换方案，避免业务迁移时出现“部分用户命中旧站”？""",
+        "comments": [
+            ("cloud_nana", "迁移前建议先把 TTL 从 600 调到 60，等全网生效后再切 IP。"),
+            ("sec_neo", "你提到 AAAA 很关键，很多人只改 A 记录，IPv6 用户会继续走旧站。"),
+        ],
+        "likes": ["cloud_nana", "sec_neo", "ops_alan"],
+        "bookmarks": ["ops_alan", "linux_mason", "dev_yuki"],
+    },
+    {
+        "title": "Ubuntu 放行了 8080 还是连不上，安全组和防火墙到底谁优先？",
+        "author": "ai_rookie",
+        "category": "新手提问",
+        "days_ago": 0,
+        "content": """我在服务器里执行了 `ufw allow 8080/tcp`，应用也监听 `0.0.0.0:8080`，但外网还是连不上。
+
+我想搞清楚优先关系：
+- 云安全组没放行时，系统防火墙放行有没有意义？
+- 安全组放行了但 UFW 拒绝，会是什么表现？
+- 能否用一个最简流程快速判断问题在哪一层？
+
+现在新人常被“服务正常、端口不通”卡住，求一个固定排障模板。""",
+        "comments": [
+            ("sec_neo", "先看安全组再看系统防火墙，任意一层拒绝都不通。两层都要放行才行。"),
+            ("ops_alan", "建议固定三步：安全组 -> 防火墙 -> 服务监听，避免来回猜。"),
+        ],
+        "likes": ["sec_neo", "ops_alan", "dev_yuki"],
+        "bookmarks": ["ai_rookie", "cloud_nana", "linux_mason"],
+    },
+    {
+        "title": "绑定域名后总跳到 Nginx Welcome Page，server_name 应该怎么配？",
+        "author": "ai_rookie",
+        "category": "新手提问",
+        "days_ago": 0,
+        "content": """我已经把域名解析到了服务器，也有自己的站点配置，但访问域名总是落到默认欢迎页。
+
+我检查到：
+1. `/etc/nginx/sites-enabled` 里同时存在 default 和我的站点；
+2. 我的 server_name 只写了主域名，没写 www；
+3. 有多个配置都监听 80。
+
+请问正确做法是不是：
+- 删除/禁用默认站点；
+- server_name 同时写 `example.com` 和 `www.example.com`；
+- 用 `nginx -t` 检查冲突，再 reload。""",
+        "comments": [
+            ("linux_mason", "是的，默认站点优先命中非常常见。建议明确一个 default_server，其他按域名精确匹配。"),
+            ("cloud_nana", "别忘了 HTTPS 的 server block 也要同步配置，不然 443 还是会走错。"),
+        ],
+        "likes": ["linux_mason", "cloud_nana", "ops_alan"],
+        "bookmarks": ["dev_yuki", "ops_alan", "ai_rookie"],
+    },
+    {
+        "title": "OpenClaw 服务启动成功但页面空白，日志里没有明显报错怎么办？",
+        "author": "ai_rookie",
+        "category": "新手提问",
+        "days_ago": 0,
+        "content": """我按教程装了 OpenClaw，systemd 状态是 active，但前端页面空白或一直 loading。
+
+我目前想到的排查：
+1. 检查配置文件里 API 地址是否写错（内网/公网）；
+2. 浏览器开发者工具看网络请求是否 4xx/5xx；
+3. 检查反向代理路径和 WebSocket 升级头；
+4. 看 openclaw 日志级别是否太低，临时改为 debug；
+5. 校验数据库连接和初始化状态。
+
+有没有人踩过类似坑，最后是哪里的问题？""",
+        "comments": [
+            ("dev_yuki", "优先看浏览器 network 面板，空白页大概率是静态资源 404 或 API 跨域。"),
+            ("sec_neo", "如果走反代，确认 `Upgrade`/`Connection` 头，WebSocket 缺这个会卡 loading。"),
+        ],
+        "likes": ["dev_yuki", "sec_neo", "cloud_nana"],
+        "bookmarks": ["ops_alan", "linux_mason", "ai_rookie"],
+    },
+    {
+        "title": "申请 Let's Encrypt 一直失败（too many failed authorizations），还能怎么处理？",
+        "author": "ai_rookie",
+        "category": "新手提问",
+        "days_ago": 0,
+        "content": """我在同一个域名上连续尝试了很多次证书申请，现在提示 `too many failed authorizations`。
+
+我理解是被限流了，但不确定下一步：
+1. 是不是要先等一段时间再重试？
+2. 失败期间怎么保证业务可访问（临时 HTTP / 自签证书）？
+3. 下次重试前要先验证哪些条件，避免再次失败？
+
+我现在的域名解析已经正常，80 端口也放开了。""",
+        "comments": [
+            ("cloud_nana", "先等限流窗口过去，再用 `--dry-run` 或 staging 环境验证流程，别直接打生产接口。"),
+            ("ops_alan", "重试前先用 HTTP 明确能访问 `/.well-known/acme-challenge/`，这一步最关键。"),
+        ],
+        "likes": ["cloud_nana", "ops_alan", "linux_mason"],
+        "bookmarks": ["dev_yuki", "ops_alan", "ai_rookie"],
+    },
+    {
+        "title": "宝塔用几天后磁盘爆满，新手该先清哪些目录？",
+        "author": "ai_rookie",
+        "category": "新手提问",
+        "days_ago": 0,
+        "content": """2C4G 小机器，刚装宝塔一周磁盘就 90% 了，怕直接删错文件。
+
+目前怀疑的占用来源：
+- Nginx / 应用日志；
+- 宝塔自动备份；
+- Docker 镜像与容器日志；
+- 数据库 binlog。
+
+有没有一个“安全清理顺序”？
+我希望先释放空间，后面再补定期清理策略。""",
+        "comments": [
+            ("ops_alan", "先 `du -sh /*` 定位大头，再按日志->备份->镜像顺序清理，不要盲删系统目录。"),
+            ("linux_mason", "Docker 场景补一句：`docker system df` 先看占用，再按策略 prune。"),
+        ],
+        "likes": ["ops_alan", "linux_mason", "sec_neo"],
+        "bookmarks": ["cloud_nana", "dev_yuki", "ai_rookie"],
+    },
+    {
+        "title": "新手配置选型：2核4G 能不能同时跑 Flask + MySQL + OpenClaw？",
+        "author": "ai_rookie",
+        "category": "新手提问",
+        "days_ago": 0,
+        "content": """预算有限，先买了 2核4G 机器，想跑：
+1. Flask 网站
+2. MySQL
+3. OpenClaw
+
+担心点：
+- 高峰时内存不够导致 OOM；
+- MySQL 占用太大拖慢接口；
+- 后续扩容迁移复杂。
+
+有没有比较稳妥的起步建议？例如哪些服务先拆、哪些参数先限制？""",
+        "comments": [
+            ("dev_yuki", "2核4G 能跑，但建议先把 MySQL 参数收紧，Gunicorn worker 不要开太多。"),
+            ("cloud_nana", "如果流量上来，优先把数据库拆到独立实例，应用层水平扩展更简单。"),
+            ("sec_neo", "别忘了开启 swap 兜底，但它只是缓冲，不能替代真正扩容。"),
+        ],
+        "likes": ["dev_yuki", "cloud_nana", "sec_neo", "ops_alan"],
+        "bookmarks": ["ops_alan", "linux_mason", "ai_rookie", "cloud_nana"],
+    },
+    {
+        "title": "OpenClaw 安装实战：从 0 到可用（官方安装页版）",
+        "author": "dev_yuki",
+        "category": "运维经验",
+        "days_ago": 0,
+        "is_featured": True,
+        "content": """这篇按官方安装页（https://openclaw.im/#install）整理，目标是：新手 10-20 分钟跑通。
+
+一、安装方式（推荐一键脚本）
+1. 服务器执行：
+   `curl -fsSL https://openclaw.im/install.sh | bash`
+2. 安装后检查：
+   `openclaw --version`
+
+如果你更习惯包管理器，也可以：
+- npm: `npm install -g openclaw@latest`
+- pnpm: `pnpm add -g openclaw@latest`
+
+二、初始化（关键步骤）
+1. 执行引导：
+   `openclaw onboard --install-daemon`
+2. 按提示完成 Provider、模型、存储等配置。
+3. 安装完成后，建议先跑健康检查：
+   `openclaw gateway status`
+
+三、Web 控制台与连接
+1. 默认控制台地址：
+   `http://127.0.0.1:18789/`
+2. 如果你是远程服务器，建议用 Nginx 反向代理并开启 HTTPS。
+3. 需要连接频道时，使用：
+   `openclaw channels login`
+
+四、Docker 部署（可选）
+官方也提供 Docker 工作流，常见顺序：
+1. `./docker-setup.sh`
+2. `docker compose run --rm openclaw-cli onboard`
+3. `docker compose up -d openclaw-gateway`
+
+五、排错清单（最常见）
+1. 命令执行失败：先检查 Node 版本（官方建议 Node >= 22）。
+2. 页面打不开：确认 18789 端口监听与防火墙/安全组放行。
+3. 网关状态异常：先看 `openclaw gateway status`，再复查 onboard 配置。
+4. 远程访问不稳定：优先通过反向代理统一入口，不直接暴露高风险端口。
+
+六、上线建议
+1. 把配置与日志目录分离，方便升级和回滚。
+2. 使用守护方式运行（onboard 的 daemon 选项），避免进程意外退出。
+3. 做最小暴露：仅开放必要端口，后台入口加访问控制。""",
+        "comments": [
+            ("ops_alan", "这篇很适合新手，先一键安装再做反代是比较稳的路径。"),
+            ("sec_neo", "建议补一句：公网部署务必加 HTTPS 和访问控制，别裸奔。"),
+            ("ai_rookie", "我刚按这个流程跑通了，`openclaw gateway status` 这个检查很有用。"),
+        ],
+        "likes": ["ops_alan", "cloud_nana", "linux_mason", "sec_neo", "ai_rookie"],
+        "bookmarks": ["ops_alan", "cloud_nana", "ai_rookie"],
+    },
+]
+
+
+def _utcnow_naive():
+    """兼容 Python 3.13：返回无时区 UTC 时间。"""
+    return datetime.now(timezone.utc).replace(tzinfo=None)
+
+
+def _resolve_category(name):
+    if not name:
+        return "综合讨论"
+    row = ForumCategory.query.filter_by(name=name).first()
+    if row:
+        return row.name
+    active = ForumCategory.query.filter_by(is_active=True).order_by(ForumCategory.sort_order.asc()).first()
+    if active:
+        return active.name
+    any_row = ForumCategory.query.order_by(ForumCategory.sort_order.asc()).first()
+    if any_row:
+        return any_row.name
+    return "综合讨论"
+
+
+def _get_or_create_user(username, password):
+    user = User.query.filter_by(username=username).first()
+    created = False
+    if user is None:
+        user = User(username=username)
+        user.set_password(password)
+        user.last_login_at = _utcnow_naive()
+        db.session.add(user)
+        db.session.flush()
+        created = True
+    return user, created
+
+
+def main():
+    created_users = 0
+    skipped_users = 0
+    created_posts = 0
+    skipped_posts = 0
+    created_comments = 0
+    created_likes = 0
+    created_bookmarks = 0
+
+    with app.app_context():
+        user_map = {}
+        for u in USERS:
+            user, created = _get_or_create_user(u["username"], u["password"])
+            user_map[u["username"]] = user
+            if created:
+                created_users += 1
+            else:
+                skipped_users += 1
+
+        db.session.flush()
+
+        for idx, spec in enumerate(POSTS):
+            title = spec["title"].strip()
+            author = user_map.get(spec["author"])
+            if not author:
+                continue
+
+            exists = ForumPost.query.filter_by(title=title).first()
+            if exists:
+                skipped_posts += 1
+                continue
+
+            created_at = _utcnow_naive() - timedelta(days=int(spec.get("days_ago", 0)), hours=max(0, idx))
+            post = ForumPost(
+                user_id=author.id,
+                category=_resolve_category(spec.get("category")),
+                title=title,
+                content=spec["content"].strip(),
+                is_pinned=bool(spec.get("is_pinned")),
+                is_featured=bool(spec.get("is_featured")),
+                is_locked=bool(spec.get("is_locked")),
+                view_count=120 + idx * 19,
+                created_at=created_at,
+                updated_at=created_at,
+            )
+            db.session.add(post)
+            db.session.flush()
+            created_posts += 1
+
+            for c_idx, (comment_user, comment_text) in enumerate(spec.get("comments", [])):
+                c_user = user_map.get(comment_user)
+                if not c_user:
+                    continue
+                comment_at = created_at + timedelta(hours=2 + c_idx * 3)
+                db.session.add(ForumComment(
+                    post_id=post.id,
+                    user_id=c_user.id,
+                    content=comment_text.strip(),
+                    created_at=comment_at,
+                    updated_at=comment_at,
+                ))
+                created_comments += 1
+
+            for like_user in spec.get("likes", []):
+                l_user = user_map.get(like_user)
+                if not l_user:
+                    continue
+                db.session.add(ForumPostLike(post_id=post.id, user_id=l_user.id))
+                created_likes += 1
+
+            for bookmark_user in spec.get("bookmarks", []):
+                b_user = user_map.get(bookmark_user)
+                if not b_user:
+                    continue
+                db.session.add(ForumPostBookmark(post_id=post.id, user_id=b_user.id))
+                created_bookmarks += 1
+
+        db.session.commit()
+
+    print("用户：新增 {}，已存在 {}".format(created_users, skipped_users))
+    print("帖子：新增 {}，已存在 {}".format(created_posts, skipped_posts))
+    print("评论：新增 {}".format(created_comments))
+    print("点赞：新增 {}".format(created_likes))
+    print("收藏：新增 {}".format(created_bookmarks))
+    print("默认测试密码（新用户）：{}".format(DEFAULT_PASSWORD))
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/static/css/forum.css b/static/css/forum.css
index 0d4952d..a78421e 100644
--- a/static/css/forum.css
+++ b/static/css/forum.css
@@ -41,17 +41,27 @@
 }
 
 .forum-logo {
-    font-family: var(--font-mono);
-    font-size: 1.5rem;
-    font-weight: 700;
-    margin: 0;
-    background: linear-gradient(135deg, #0F172A 0%, var(--accent) 100%);
-    -webkit-background-clip: text;
-    -webkit-text-fill-color: transparent;
-    background-clip: text;
-    letter-spacing: -0.02em;
-    display: inline-block;
+    display: inline-flex;
+    align-items: center;
+    gap: 0.45rem;
     text-decoration: none;
+    color: var(--text);
+    min-width: 0;
+}
+
+.forum-logo img {
+    width: 34px;
+    height: 34px;
+    border-radius: 9px;
+    flex-shrink: 0;
+}
+
+.forum-logo span {
+    font-family: var(--font-mono);
+    font-size: 1.05rem;
+    font-weight: 700;
+    letter-spacing: -0.01em;
+    white-space: nowrap;
 }
 
 .forum-primary-nav {
@@ -306,6 +316,10 @@
     font-family: var(--font-mono);
 }
 
+.topic-col-mini {
+    text-align: center;
+}
+
 .topic-list {
     list-style: none;
     margin: 0;
@@ -313,13 +327,45 @@
 }
 
 .topic-result {
-    padding: 0.5rem 0.92rem;
     color: var(--text-muted);
     font-size: 0.78rem;
-    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border);
+}
+
+.topic-footer {
+    display: flex;
+    align-items: center;
+    justify-content: space-between;
+    gap: 0.75rem;
+    padding: 0.58rem 0.92rem;
+    border-top: 1px solid var(--border);
     background: var(--bg-card);
 }
 
+.page-size-form {
+    display: inline-flex;
+    align-items: center;
+    gap: 0.4rem;
+    font-size: 0.78rem;
+    color: var(--text-muted);
+}
+
+.page-size-form select {
+    border: 1px solid var(--border);
+    border-radius: 6px;
+    background: var(--bg-elevated);
+    color: var(--text);
+    font-size: 0.82rem;
+    line-height: 1.2;
+    padding: 0.26rem 0.42rem;
+    cursor: pointer;
+}
+
+.page-size-form select:focus {
+    outline: none;
+    border-color: var(--accent);
+    box-shadow: 0 0 0 3px var(--accent-glow);
+}
+
 .topic-row {
     display: grid;
     grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) 90px 90px 110px;
@@ -327,6 +373,7 @@
     min-height: 74px;
     border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border);
     transition: var(--transition);
+    padding: 0 0.92rem;
 }
 
 .topic-row:last-child {
@@ -342,7 +389,7 @@
     align-items: center;
     gap: 0.68rem;
     min-width: 0;
-    padding: 0.68rem 0.95rem;
+    padding: 0.68rem 0;
 }
 
 .topic-avatar {
@@ -610,7 +657,7 @@
 }
 
 .topic-post-content {
-    white-space: pre-wrap;
+    white-space: normal;
     color: var(--text);
     line-height: 1.66;
     font-size: 0.95rem;
@@ -629,6 +676,13 @@
     font-size: 0.82rem;
 }
 
+.form-help {
+    display: block;
+    margin-top: 0.35rem;
+    color: var(--text-muted);
+    font-size: 0.76rem;
+}
+
 .comment-form textarea,
 .post-form input,
 .post-form textarea,
@@ -715,13 +769,74 @@
 }
 
 .comment-content {
-    white-space: pre-wrap;
+    white-space: normal;
     margin-top: 0.32rem;
     color: var(--text);
     line-height: 1.58;
     font-size: 0.9rem;
 }
 
+.md-content p {
+    margin: 0 0 0.7rem;
+}
+
+.md-content p:last-child {
+    margin-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+.md-content ul,
+.md-content ol {
+    margin: 0.25rem 0 0.75rem 1.25rem;
+    padding: 0;
+}
+
+.md-content li + li {
+    margin-top: 0.22rem;
+}
+
+.md-content blockquote {
+    margin: 0.75rem 0;
+    padding: 0.45rem 0.8rem;
+    border-left: 3px solid var(--accent);
+    background: var(--accent-glow);
+    color: var(--text-muted);
+}
+
+.md-content a {
+    color: var(--accent);
+    text-decoration: underline;
+    text-underline-offset: 2px;
+}
+
+.md-content pre {
+    margin: 0.75rem 0;
+    padding: 0.72rem 0.82rem;
+    border-radius: 10px;
+    border: 1px solid var(--border);
+    background: #0f172a;
+    color: #e2e8f0;
+    overflow-x: auto;
+    white-space: pre;
+    line-height: 1.45;
+}
+
+.md-content code {
+    font-family: var(--font-mono);
+    font-size: 0.86em;
+    background: rgba(2, 132, 199, 0.12);
+    border: 1px solid rgba(2, 132, 199, 0.18);
+    border-radius: 5px;
+    padding: 0.08rem 0.32rem;
+}
+
+.md-content pre code {
+    background: transparent;
+    border: none;
+    border-radius: 0;
+    padding: 0;
+    color: inherit;
+}
+
 .comment-actions {
     margin-top: 0.44rem;
     display: flex;
@@ -1031,8 +1146,13 @@
         justify-content: flex-start;
     }
 
-    .forum-logo {
-        font-size: 1.5rem;
+    .forum-logo img {
+        width: 30px;
+        height: 30px;
+    }
+
+    .forum-logo span {
+        font-size: 0.96rem;
     }
 
     .forum-shell {
@@ -1057,6 +1177,11 @@
         width: 100%;
     }
 
+    .topic-footer {
+        flex-direction: column;
+        align-items: flex-start;
+    }
+
     .topic-head {
         grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) 64px 64px;
     }
diff --git a/static/css/style.css b/static/css/style.css
index bae6c64..ecbb76c 100644
--- a/static/css/style.css
+++ b/static/css/style.css
@@ -73,6 +73,18 @@ body {
     gap: 0.75rem;
 }
 
+.site-logo-link {
+    display: inline-flex;
+    align-items: center;
+    text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+.site-logo {
+    display: block;
+    width: clamp(168px, 24vw, 240px);
+    height: auto;
+}
+
 .logo {
     font-family: var(--font-mono);
     font-size: 1.5rem;
@@ -117,24 +129,34 @@ body {
     align-items: center;
     gap: 0.25rem;
     margin-right: 0.5rem;
-    font-size: 0.9rem;
+    font-size: 0.875rem;
+    background: var(--bg-elevated);
+    padding: 0.25rem;
+    border-radius: 6px;
+    border: 1px solid var(--border);
 }
 .lang-switch a {
-    color: var(--accent);
+    color: var(--text-muted);
     text-decoration: none;
-    padding: 0.2rem 0.4rem;
+    padding: 0.3rem 0.6rem;
     border-radius: 4px;
+    transition: var(--transition);
+    font-weight: 500;
 }
 .lang-switch a:hover {
-    background: var(--accent-glow);
+    color: var(--accent);
+    background: var(--bg-card);
 }
 .lang-switch a.active {
     font-weight: 600;
     color: var(--text);
+    background: var(--bg-card);
+    box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
 }
 .lang-sep {
-    color: var(--text-muted);
+    color: var(--border);
     user-select: none;
+    font-weight: 300;
 }
 
 .nav-link-with-badge {
@@ -181,13 +203,13 @@ body {
     background: var(--bg-card);
     border: 1px solid var(--border);
     border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
-    box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
+    box-shadow: var(--shadow);
     transition: var(--transition);
 }
 
 .filters:hover {
     border-color: var(--border-hover);
-    box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);
+    box-shadow: var(--shadow-lg);
 }
 
 .filter-group {
@@ -378,6 +400,21 @@ body {
     color: var(--text-muted);
 }
 
+/* 加载动画 */
+.loading-spinner {
+    display: inline-block;
+    width: 40px;
+    height: 40px;
+    border: 3px solid var(--border);
+    border-top-color: var(--accent);
+    border-radius: 50%;
+    animation: spin 0.8s linear infinite;
+}
+
+@keyframes spin {
+    to { transform: rotate(360deg); }
+}
+
 .footer {
     margin-top: auto;
     padding: 1rem 1.5rem;
@@ -462,12 +499,13 @@ body {
 
 @media (max-width: 768px) {
     .header {
-        padding: 1.5rem 1rem;
+        padding: 1rem;
     }
 
     .header-inner {
         flex-direction: column;
         align-items: flex-start;
+        gap: 0.75rem;
     }
 
     .header-brand {
@@ -478,10 +516,29 @@ body {
     .header-nav {
         width: 100%;
         justify-content: flex-start;
+        font-size: 0.85rem;
+        gap: 0.5rem;
+    }
+
+    .lang-switch {
+        font-size: 0.8rem;
+        padding: 0.2rem;
+    }
+
+    .lang-switch a {
+        padding: 0.25rem 0.5rem;
     }
 
     .logo {
-        font-size: 1.5rem;
+        font-size: 1.25rem;
+    }
+
+    .site-logo {
+        width: clamp(148px, 44vw, 210px);
+    }
+
+    .tagline {
+        font-size: 0.8rem;
     }
 
     .filters {
@@ -490,6 +547,14 @@ body {
         padding: 1rem;
     }
 
+    .filter-group {
+        min-width: 100%;
+    }
+
+    .filter-group select {
+        width: 100%;
+    }
+
     .btn-reset {
         margin-left: 0;
         width: 100%;
@@ -543,7 +608,7 @@ html {
 }
 
 .filter-group-search input {
-    font-family: var(--font-mono);
+    font-family: var(--font-sans);
     font-size: 0.9rem;
     padding: 0.5rem 0.75rem;
     width: 100%;
@@ -554,6 +619,10 @@ html {
     transition: var(--transition);
 }
 
+.filter-group-search input:hover {
+    border-color: var(--accent);
+}
+
 .filter-group-search input:focus {
     outline: none;
     border-color: var(--accent);
@@ -562,6 +631,7 @@ html {
 
 .filter-group-search input::placeholder {
     color: var(--text-muted);
+    opacity: 0.7;
 }
 
 /* 可排序表头 */
diff --git a/static/img/site-logo-mark.svg b/static/img/site-logo-mark.svg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9d59d8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/static/img/site-logo-mark.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+<svg width="512" height="512" viewBox="0 0 512 512" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" aria-labelledby="markTitle markDesc">
+  <title id="markTitle">VPS Price Mark</title>
+  <desc id="markDesc">A square icon with stacked server bars and upward trend arrow.</desc>
+  <defs>
+    <linearGradient id="markBg" x1="36" y1="36" x2="476" y2="476" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse">
+      <stop stop-color="#0F172A"/>
+      <stop offset="1" stop-color="#0369A1"/>
+    </linearGradient>
+    <linearGradient id="markTrend" x1="146" y1="350" x2="372" y2="136" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse">
+      <stop stop-color="#0284C7"/>
+      <stop offset="1" stop-color="#059669"/>
+    </linearGradient>
+  </defs>
+
+  <rect x="36" y="36" width="440" height="440" rx="102" fill="url(#markBg)"/>
+  <rect x="122" y="132" width="268" height="60" rx="24" fill="#E2E8F0" fill-opacity="0.95"/>
+  <rect x="122" y="218" width="268" height="60" rx="24" fill="#E2E8F0" fill-opacity="0.85"/>
+  <rect x="122" y="304" width="268" height="60" rx="24" fill="#E2E8F0" fill-opacity="0.75"/>
+  <circle cx="154" cy="162" r="9" fill="#0369A1"/>
+  <circle cx="154" cy="248" r="9" fill="#0369A1"/>
+  <circle cx="154" cy="334" r="9" fill="#0369A1"/>
+  <path d="M146 350L212 296L260 312L364 214" stroke="url(#markTrend)" stroke-width="21" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/>
+  <path d="M328 214H378V264" stroke="#059669" stroke-width="21" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/>
+</svg>
diff --git a/static/img/site-logo.svg b/static/img/site-logo.svg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd4e32d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/static/img/site-logo.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+<svg width="980" height="260" viewBox="0 0 980 260" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" aria-labelledby="logoTitle logoDesc">
+  <title id="logoTitle">VPS Price Logo</title>
+  <desc id="logoDesc">A modern cloud server price comparison logo with a stacked server icon and upward trend arrow.</desc>
+  <defs>
+    <linearGradient id="iconBg" x1="20" y1="20" x2="220" y2="220" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse">
+      <stop stop-color="#0F172A"/>
+      <stop offset="1" stop-color="#0369A1"/>
+    </linearGradient>
+    <linearGradient id="trend" x1="74" y1="168" x2="182" y2="66" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse">
+      <stop stop-color="#0284C7"/>
+      <stop offset="1" stop-color="#059669"/>
+    </linearGradient>
+  </defs>
+
+  <g transform="translate(20,20)">
+    <rect x="0" y="0" width="220" height="220" rx="52" fill="url(#iconBg)"/>
+    <rect x="44" y="48" width="132" height="30" rx="12" fill="#E2E8F0" fill-opacity="0.95"/>
+    <rect x="44" y="92" width="132" height="30" rx="12" fill="#E2E8F0" fill-opacity="0.85"/>
+    <rect x="44" y="136" width="132" height="30" rx="12" fill="#E2E8F0" fill-opacity="0.75"/>
+    <circle cx="60" cy="63" r="4.5" fill="#0369A1"/>
+    <circle cx="60" cy="107" r="4.5" fill="#0369A1"/>
+    <circle cx="60" cy="151" r="4.5" fill="#0369A1"/>
+    <path d="M72 160L105 133L130 141L175 92" stroke="url(#trend)" stroke-width="10" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/>
+    <path d="M159 92H182V115" stroke="#059669" stroke-width="10" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/>
+  </g>
+
+  <g transform="translate(278,66)">
+    <text x="0" y="62" fill="#0F172A" font-family="Poppins, Open Sans, Noto Sans SC, sans-serif" font-size="70" font-weight="700" letter-spacing="0.5">VPS Price</text>
+    <text x="3" y="110" fill="#0369A1" font-family="Open Sans, Poppins, Noto Sans SC, sans-serif" font-size="32" font-weight="600" letter-spacing="2">FORUM &amp; COMPARE</text>
+  </g>
+</svg>
diff --git a/static/js/main-simple.js b/static/js/main-simple.js
index 685b269..7ba8876 100644
--- a/static/js/main-simple.js
+++ b/static/js/main-simple.js
@@ -293,6 +293,8 @@
         var currentPrice = getPriceValue(plan, filters.currency);
         var displayPrice = currentPrice ? currentPrice.symbol + currentPrice.value.toFixed(2) : '—';
 
+        var btnText = (window.I18N_JS && window.I18N_JS.btn_visit) || '访问';
+
         tr.innerHTML =
             '<td>' + escapeHtml(plan.provider) + '</td>' +
             '<td>' + escapeHtml(plan.countries) + '</td>' +
@@ -304,7 +306,7 @@
             '<td>' + plan.traffic + '</td>' +
             '<td class="col-price">' + displayPrice + '</td>' +
             '<td class="col-link">' +
-                '<a href="' + escapeHtml(plan.official_url) + '" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="btn-link">访问</a>' +
+                '<a href="' + escapeHtml(plan.official_url) + '" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="btn-link">' + btnText + '</a>' +
             '</td>';
 
         return tr;
diff --git a/templates/auth/login.html b/templates/auth/login.html
index 0a37330..2b41af3 100644
--- a/templates/auth/login.html
+++ b/templates/auth/login.html
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="zh-CN">
+<html lang="{{ 'zh-CN' if lang == 'zh' else 'en' }}">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-    <title>用户登录 - 云价眼</title>
+    <title>{{ l('用户登录', 'Login') }} - {{ l('云价眼', 'VPS Price') }}</title>
+    <link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="{{ url_for('static', filename='img/site-logo-mark.svg') }}">
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/style.css">
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/forum.css">
 </head>
@@ -11,33 +12,43 @@
     <header class="forum-header">
         <div class="forum-header-inner">
             <div class="forum-header-left">
-                <a href="{{ url_for('forum_index') }}" class="forum-logo">VPS 论坛</a>
+                <a href="{{ url_for('forum_index') }}" class="forum-logo">
+                    <img src="{{ url_for('static', filename='img/site-logo-mark.svg') }}" alt="{{ l('云价眼 Logo', 'VPS Price Logo') }}">
+                    <span>{{ l('云价眼论坛', 'VPS Price Forum') }}</span>
+                </a>
                 <nav class="forum-primary-nav">
-                    <a href="{{ url_for('forum_index') }}" class="active">最新</a>
-                    <a href="{{ url_for('index') }}">价格表</a>
+                    <a href="{{ url_for('forum_index') }}" class="active">{{ l('最新', 'Latest') }}</a>
+                    <a href="{{ url_for('index') }}">{{ l('价格表', 'Pricing') }}</a>
                 </nav>
             </div>
+            <div class="forum-header-right">
+                <span class="lang-switch">
+                    <a href="{{ lang_url('zh') }}" class="{{ 'active' if lang == 'zh' else '' }}" title="切换到中文">中文</a>
+                    <span class="lang-sep">|</span>
+                    <a href="{{ lang_url('en') }}" class="{{ 'active' if lang == 'en' else '' }}" title="Switch to English">English</a>
+                </span>
+            </div>
         </div>
     </header>
     <main class="forum-shell">
         <section class="topic-post-card auth-panel">
-            <h1>登录账号</h1>
+            <h1>{{ l('登录账号', 'Sign In') }}</h1>
             {% if error %}
             <p class="form-error">{{ error }}</p>
             {% endif %}
             <form method="post" action="{{ url_for('user_login') }}" class="post-form">
                 <input type="hidden" name="next" value="{{ request.values.get('next', '') }}">
                 <div class="form-group">
-                    <label for="username">用户名</label>
+                    <label for="username">{{ l('用户名', 'Username') }}</label>
                     <input id="username" name="username" type="text" required autofocus>
                 </div>
                 <div class="form-group">
-                    <label for="password">密码</label>
+                    <label for="password">{{ l('密码', 'Password') }}</label>
                     <input id="password" name="password" type="password" required>
                 </div>
                 <div class="form-actions">
-                    <button type="submit" class="forum-btn-primary">登录</button>
-                    <a href="{{ url_for('user_register', next=request.values.get('next', '')) }}" class="forum-btn-muted">去注册</a>
+                    <button type="submit" class="forum-btn-primary">{{ l('登录', 'Login') }}</button>
+                    <a href="{{ url_for('user_register', next=request.values.get('next', '')) }}" class="forum-btn-muted">{{ l('去注册', 'Create Account') }}</a>
                 </div>
             </form>
         </section>
diff --git a/templates/auth/register.html b/templates/auth/register.html
index 9446639..a39f980 100644
--- a/templates/auth/register.html
+++ b/templates/auth/register.html
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="zh-CN">
+<html lang="{{ 'zh-CN' if lang == 'zh' else 'en' }}">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-    <title>用户注册 - 云价眼</title>
+    <title>{{ l('用户注册', 'Register') }} - {{ l('云价眼', 'VPS Price') }}</title>
+    <link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="{{ url_for('static', filename='img/site-logo-mark.svg') }}">
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/style.css">
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/forum.css">
 </head>
@@ -11,37 +12,47 @@
     <header class="forum-header">
         <div class="forum-header-inner">
             <div class="forum-header-left">
-                <a href="{{ url_for('forum_index') }}" class="forum-logo">VPS 论坛</a>
+                <a href="{{ url_for('forum_index') }}" class="forum-logo">
+                    <img src="{{ url_for('static', filename='img/site-logo-mark.svg') }}" alt="{{ l('云价眼 Logo', 'VPS Price Logo') }}">
+                    <span>{{ l('云价眼论坛', 'VPS Price Forum') }}</span>
+                </a>
                 <nav class="forum-primary-nav">
-                    <a href="{{ url_for('forum_index') }}" class="active">最新</a>
-                    <a href="{{ url_for('index') }}">价格表</a>
+                    <a href="{{ url_for('forum_index') }}" class="active">{{ l('最新', 'Latest') }}</a>
+                    <a href="{{ url_for('index') }}">{{ l('价格表', 'Pricing') }}</a>
                 </nav>
             </div>
+            <div class="forum-header-right">
+                <span class="lang-switch">
+                    <a href="{{ lang_url('zh') }}" class="{{ 'active' if lang == 'zh' else '' }}" title="切换到中文">中文</a>
+                    <span class="lang-sep">|</span>
+                    <a href="{{ lang_url('en') }}" class="{{ 'active' if lang == 'en' else '' }}" title="Switch to English">English</a>
+                </span>
+            </div>
         </div>
     </header>
     <main class="forum-shell">
         <section class="topic-post-card auth-panel">
-            <h1>注册账号</h1>
+            <h1>{{ l('注册账号', 'Create Account') }}</h1>
             {% if error %}
             <p class="form-error">{{ error }}</p>
             {% endif %}
             <form method="post" action="{{ url_for('user_register') }}" class="post-form">
                 <input type="hidden" name="next" value="{{ request.values.get('next', '') }}">
                 <div class="form-group">
-                    <label for="username">用户名</label>
-                    <input id="username" name="username" type="text" required minlength="3" maxlength="20" placeholder="3-20 位，字母/数字/下划线">
+                    <label for="username">{{ l('用户名', 'Username') }}</label>
+                    <input id="username" name="username" type="text" required minlength="3" maxlength="20" placeholder="{{ l('3-20 位，字母/数字/下划线', '3-20 chars, letters/numbers/_') }}">
                 </div>
                 <div class="form-group">
-                    <label for="password">密码</label>
+                    <label for="password">{{ l('密码', 'Password') }}</label>
                     <input id="password" name="password" type="password" required minlength="6">
                 </div>
                 <div class="form-group">
-                    <label for="confirm_password">确认密码</label>
+                    <label for="confirm_password">{{ l('确认密码', 'Confirm Password') }}</label>
                     <input id="confirm_password" name="confirm_password" type="password" required minlength="6">
                 </div>
                 <div class="form-actions">
-                    <button type="submit" class="forum-btn-primary">注册并登录</button>
-                    <a href="{{ url_for('user_login', next=request.values.get('next', '')) }}" class="forum-btn-muted">去登录</a>
+                    <button type="submit" class="forum-btn-primary">{{ l('注册并登录', 'Register & Login') }}</button>
+                    <a href="{{ url_for('user_login', next=request.values.get('next', '')) }}" class="forum-btn-muted">{{ l('去登录', 'Go to Login') }}</a>
                 </div>
             </form>
         </section>
diff --git a/templates/forum/comment_form.html b/templates/forum/comment_form.html
index 66c4281..a6d7ba7 100644
--- a/templates/forum/comment_form.html
+++ b/templates/forum/comment_form.html
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="zh-CN">
+<html lang="{{ 'zh-CN' if lang == 'zh' else 'en' }}">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-    <title>编辑评论 - 论坛</title>
+    <title>{{ l('编辑评论', 'Edit Comment') }} - {{ l('论坛', 'Forum') }}</title>
+    <link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="{{ url_for('static', filename='img/site-logo-mark.svg') }}">
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/style.css">
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/forum.css">
 </head>
@@ -11,35 +12,44 @@
     <header class="forum-header">
         <div class="forum-header-inner">
             <div class="forum-header-left">
-                <a href="{{ url_for('forum_index') }}" class="forum-logo">VPS 论坛</a>
+                <a href="{{ url_for('forum_index') }}" class="forum-logo">
+                    <img src="{{ url_for('static', filename='img/site-logo-mark.svg') }}" alt="{{ l('云价眼 Logo', 'VPS Price Logo') }}">
+                    <span>{{ l('云价眼论坛', 'VPS Price Forum') }}</span>
+                </a>
                 <nav class="forum-primary-nav">
-                    <a href="{{ url_for('forum_index') }}">最新</a>
-                    <a href="{{ cancel_url }}" class="active">返回帖子</a>
+                    <a href="{{ url_for('forum_index') }}">{{ l('最新', 'Latest') }}</a>
+                    <a href="{{ cancel_url }}" class="active">{{ l('返回帖子', 'Back to Topic') }}</a>
                 </nav>
             </div>
             <div class="forum-header-right">
+                <span class="lang-switch">
+                    <a href="{{ lang_url('zh') }}" class="{{ 'active' if lang == 'zh' else '' }}" title="切换到中文">中文</a>
+                    <span class="lang-sep">|</span>
+                    <a href="{{ lang_url('en') }}" class="{{ 'active' if lang == 'en' else '' }}" title="Switch to English">English</a>
+                </span>
                 <span class="forum-user-chip">{{ current_user.username }}</span>
-                <a href="{{ url_for('user_profile') }}" class="forum-link">个人中心</a>
-                <a href="{{ url_for('user_notifications') }}" class="forum-link nav-link-with-badge">通知{% if notifications_unread_count %}<span class="nav-badge">{{ notifications_unread_count }}</span>{% endif %}</a>
-                <a href="{{ url_for('user_logout') }}" class="forum-link">退出</a>
+                <a href="{{ url_for('user_profile') }}" class="forum-link">{{ l('个人中心', 'Profile') }}</a>
+                <a href="{{ url_for('user_notifications') }}" class="forum-link nav-link-with-badge">{{ l('通知', 'Notifications') }}{% if notifications_unread_count %}<span class="nav-badge">{{ notifications_unread_count }}</span>{% endif %}</a>
+                <a href="{{ url_for('user_logout') }}" class="forum-link">{{ l('退出', 'Logout') }}</a>
             </div>
         </div>
     </header>
 
     <main class="forum-shell">
         <section class="topic-post-card auth-panel">
-            <h1>编辑评论</h1>
+            <h1>{{ l('编辑评论', 'Edit Comment') }}</h1>
             {% if error %}
             <p class="form-error">{{ error }}</p>
             {% endif %}
             <form method="post" action="{{ action_url }}" class="post-form">
                 <div class="form-group">
-                    <label for="content">评论内容</label>
+                    <label for="content">{{ l('评论内容', 'Comment') }}</label>
                     <textarea id="content" name="content" required rows="6" minlength="2">{{ content_val or '' }}</textarea>
+                    <small class="form-help">{{ l('支持 Markdown 代码块。', 'Markdown code blocks are supported.') }}</small>
                 </div>
                 <div class="form-actions">
-                    <button type="submit" class="forum-btn-primary">保存修改</button>
-                    <a href="{{ cancel_url }}" class="forum-btn-muted">取消</a>
+                    <button type="submit" class="forum-btn-primary">{{ l('保存修改', 'Save Changes') }}</button>
+                    <a href="{{ cancel_url }}" class="forum-btn-muted">{{ l('取消', 'Cancel') }}</a>
                 </div>
             </form>
         </section>
diff --git a/templates/forum/index.html b/templates/forum/index.html
index d72f45f..75a46f2 100644
--- a/templates/forum/index.html
+++ b/templates/forum/index.html
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="zh-CN">
+<html lang="{{ 'zh-CN' if lang == 'zh' else 'en' }}">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-    <title>论坛 - 云价眼</title>
+    <title>{{ l('论坛', 'Forum') }} - {{ l('云价眼', 'VPS Price') }}</title>
+    <link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="{{ url_for('static', filename='img/site-logo-mark.svg') }}">
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/style.css">
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/forum.css">
 </head>
@@ -13,24 +14,32 @@
     <header class="forum-header">
         <div class="forum-header-inner">
             <div class="forum-header-left">
-                <a href="{{ url_for('forum_index') }}" class="forum-logo">VPS 论坛</a>
+                <a href="{{ url_for('forum_index') }}" class="forum-logo">
+                    <img src="{{ url_for('static', filename='img/site-logo-mark.svg') }}" alt="{{ l('云价眼 Logo', 'VPS Price Logo') }}">
+                    <span>{{ l('云价眼论坛', 'VPS Price Forum') }}</span>
+                </a>
                 <nav class="forum-primary-nav">
                     {% for item in tab_links %}
                     <a href="{{ item.url }}" class="{{ 'active' if item.active else '' }}">{{ item.label }}</a>
                     {% endfor %}
-                    <a href="{{ category_nav_url }}" class="{{ 'active' if selected_category else '' }}">分类</a>
-                    <a href="{{ url_for('index') }}">价格表</a>
+                    <a href="{{ category_nav_url }}" class="{{ 'active' if selected_category else '' }}">{{ l('分类', 'Categories') }}</a>
+                    <a href="{{ url_for('index') }}">{{ l('价格表', 'Pricing') }}</a>
                 </nav>
             </div>
             <div class="forum-header-right">
+                <span class="lang-switch">
+                    <a href="{{ lang_url('zh') }}" class="{{ 'active' if lang == 'zh' else '' }}" title="切换到中文">中文</a>
+                    <span class="lang-sep">|</span>
+                    <a href="{{ lang_url('en') }}" class="{{ 'active' if lang == 'en' else '' }}" title="Switch to English">English</a>
+                </span>
                 {% if current_user %}
-                <span class="forum-user-chip">{{ current_user.username }}{% if current_user.is_banned %}（封禁）{% endif %}</span>
-                <a href="{{ url_for('user_profile') }}" class="forum-link">个人中心</a>
-                <a href="{{ url_for('user_notifications') }}" class="forum-link nav-link-with-badge">通知{% if notifications_unread_count %}<span class="nav-badge">{{ notifications_unread_count }}</span>{% endif %}</a>
-                <a href="{{ url_for('user_logout') }}" class="forum-link">退出</a>
+                <span class="forum-user-chip">{{ current_user.username }}{% if current_user.is_banned %}{{ l('（封禁）', ' (Banned)') }}{% endif %}</span>
+                <a href="{{ url_for('user_profile') }}" class="forum-link">{{ l('个人中心', 'Profile') }}</a>
+                <a href="{{ url_for('user_notifications') }}" class="forum-link nav-link-with-badge">{{ l('通知', 'Notifications') }}{% if notifications_unread_count %}<span class="nav-badge">{{ notifications_unread_count }}</span>{% endif %}</a>
+                <a href="{{ url_for('user_logout') }}" class="forum-link">{{ l('退出', 'Logout') }}</a>
                 {% else %}
-                <a href="{{ url_for('user_login') }}" class="forum-link">登录</a>
-                <a href="{{ url_for('user_register') }}" class="forum-link">注册</a>
+                <a href="{{ url_for('user_login') }}" class="forum-link">{{ l('登录', 'Login') }}</a>
+                <a href="{{ url_for('user_register') }}" class="forum-link">{{ l('注册', 'Register') }}</a>
                 {% endif %}
             </div>
         </div>
@@ -42,15 +51,15 @@
                 {% for item in tab_links %}
                 <a class="{{ 'active' if item.active else '' }}" href="{{ item.url }}">{{ item.label }}</a>
                 {% endfor %}
-                <a class="{{ 'active' if selected_category else '' }}" href="{{ category_nav_url }}">分类</a>
+                <a class="{{ 'active' if selected_category else '' }}" href="{{ category_nav_url }}">{{ l('分类', 'Categories') }}</a>
             </div>
             <div class="forum-actions">
                 {% if current_user and not current_user.is_banned %}
-                <a href="{{ url_for('forum_post_new') }}" class="forum-btn-primary">+ 发布主题</a>
+                <a href="{{ url_for('forum_post_new') }}" class="forum-btn-primary">+ {{ l('发布主题', 'New Topic') }}</a>
                 {% elif current_user and current_user.is_banned %}
-                <span class="forum-btn-muted">账号封禁中</span>
+                <span class="forum-btn-muted">{{ l('账号封禁中', 'Account banned') }}</span>
                 {% else %}
-                <a href="{{ url_for('user_login', next='/forum/post/new') }}" class="forum-btn-primary">登录后发帖</a>
+                <a href="{{ url_for('user_login', next='/forum/post/new') }}" class="forum-btn-primary">{{ l('登录后发帖', 'Login to post') }}</a>
                 {% endif %}
             </div>
         </section>
@@ -64,16 +73,17 @@
         <section class="forum-tools">
             <form method="get" action="{{ url_for('forum_index') }}" class="forum-search-form">
                 <input type="hidden" name="tab" value="{{ active_tab }}">
+                <input type="hidden" name="per_page" value="{{ per_page }}">
                 {% if selected_category %}
                 <input type="hidden" name="category" value="{{ selected_category }}">
                 {% endif %}
-                <input type="text" name="q" value="{{ search_query or '' }}" placeholder="搜索标题、正文、作者" maxlength="80">
-                <button type="submit" class="forum-btn-primary">搜索</button>
+                <input type="text" name="q" value="{{ search_query or '' }}" placeholder="{{ l('搜索标题、正文、作者', 'Search title, content, author') }}" maxlength="80">
+                <button type="submit" class="forum-btn-primary">{{ l('搜索', 'Search') }}</button>
                 {% if search_query %}
-                <a href="{{ clear_search_url }}" class="forum-btn-muted">清空搜索</a>
+                <a href="{{ clear_search_url }}" class="forum-btn-muted">{{ l('清空搜索', 'Clear Search') }}</a>
                 {% endif %}
                 {% if has_filters %}
-                <a href="{{ clear_all_url }}" class="forum-btn-muted">重置全部</a>
+                <a href="{{ clear_all_url }}" class="forum-btn-muted">{{ l('重置全部', 'Reset All') }}</a>
                 {% endif %}
             </form>
             <div class="category-bar">
@@ -91,14 +101,11 @@
         <section class="forum-layout">
             <div class="topic-stream">
                 <div class="topic-head">
-                    <div class="topic-col-main">主题</div>
-                    <div class="topic-col-mini">回复</div>
-                    <div class="topic-col-mini">浏览</div>
-                    <div class="topic-col-mini">活动</div>
+                    <div class="topic-col-main">{{ l('主题', 'Topic') }}</div>
+                    <div class="topic-col-mini">{{ l('回复', 'Replies') }}</div>
+                    <div class="topic-col-mini">{{ l('浏览', 'Views') }}</div>
+                    <div class="topic-col-mini">{{ l('活动', 'Activity') }}</div>
                 </div>
-                {% if total_posts %}
-                <div class="topic-result">显示 {{ result_start }} - {{ result_end }} / 共 {{ total_posts }} 条</div>
-                {% endif %}
 
                 {% if cards %}
                 <ul class="topic-list">
@@ -109,17 +116,17 @@
                             <div class="topic-avatar">{{ item.author_initial }}</div>
                             <div class="topic-content">
                                 <a href="{{ url_for('forum_post_detail', post_id=post.id) }}" class="topic-title">
-                                    {% if post.is_pinned %}<span class="topic-flag flag-pinned">置顶</span>{% endif %}
-                                    {% if post.is_featured %}<span class="topic-flag flag-featured">精华</span>{% endif %}
-                                    {% if post.is_locked %}<span class="topic-flag flag-locked">锁帖</span>{% endif %}
+                                    {% if post.is_pinned %}<span class="topic-flag flag-pinned">{{ l('置顶', 'Pinned') }}</span>{% endif %}
+                                    {% if post.is_featured %}<span class="topic-flag flag-featured">{{ l('精华', 'Featured') }}</span>{% endif %}
+                                    {% if post.is_locked %}<span class="topic-flag flag-locked">{{ l('锁帖', 'Locked') }}</span>{% endif %}
                                     {{ post.title }}
                                 </a>
                                 <div class="topic-meta">
-                                    <span class="topic-category">{{ post.category or '综合讨论' }}</span>
+                                    <span class="topic-category">{{ post.category or l('综合讨论', 'General') }}</span>
                                     <span>{{ item.author_name }}</span>
                                     <span>{{ post.created_at.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M') if post.created_at else '' }}</span>
-                                    <span>点赞 {{ item.like_count }}</span>
-                                    <span>收藏 {{ item.bookmark_count }}</span>
+                                    <span>{{ l('点赞', 'Likes') }} {{ item.like_count }}</span>
+                                    <span>{{ l('收藏', 'Bookmarks') }} {{ item.bookmark_count }}</span>
                                 </div>
                             </div>
                         </div>
@@ -130,38 +137,66 @@
                     {% endfor %}
                 </ul>
                 {% if total_pages > 1 %}
-                <nav class="forum-pagination" aria-label="帖子分页">
+                <nav class="forum-pagination" aria-label="{{ l('帖子分页', 'Post pagination') }}">
                     {% if has_prev %}
-                    <a href="{{ prev_page_url }}" class="page-link">上一页</a>
+                    <a href="{{ prev_page_url }}" class="page-link">{{ l('上一页', 'Prev') }}</a>
                     {% else %}
-                    <span class="page-link disabled">上一页</span>
+                    <span class="page-link disabled">{{ l('上一页', 'Prev') }}</span>
                     {% endif %}
                     {% for item in page_links %}
                     <a href="{{ item.url }}" class="page-link {{ 'active' if item.active else '' }}">{{ item.num }}</a>
                     {% endfor %}
                     {% if has_next %}
-                    <a href="{{ next_page_url }}" class="page-link">下一页</a>
+                    <a href="{{ next_page_url }}" class="page-link">{{ l('下一页', 'Next') }}</a>
                     {% else %}
-                    <span class="page-link disabled">下一页</span>
+                    <span class="page-link disabled">{{ l('下一页', 'Next') }}</span>
                     {% endif %}
                 </nav>
                 {% endif %}
                 {% else %}
                 <div class="topic-empty">{{ empty_hint }}</div>
                 {% endif %}
+                {% if total_posts %}
+                <div class="topic-footer">
+                    <div class="topic-result">
+                        {% if lang == 'en' %}
+                        Page {{ current_page }} / {{ total_pages }} · Showing {{ result_start }} - {{ result_end }} of {{ total_posts }}
+                        {% else %}
+                        第 {{ current_page }} / {{ total_pages }} 页 · 显示 {{ result_start }} - {{ result_end }} / 共 {{ total_posts }} 条
+                        {% endif %}
+                    </div>
+                    <form method="get" action="{{ url_for('forum_index') }}" class="page-size-form">
+                        <input type="hidden" name="tab" value="{{ active_tab }}">
+                        {% if selected_category %}
+                        <input type="hidden" name="category" value="{{ selected_category }}">
+                        {% endif %}
+                        {% if search_query %}
+                        <input type="hidden" name="q" value="{{ search_query }}">
+                        {% endif %}
+                        <label for="per-page-select">{{ l('每页', 'Per page') }}</label>
+                        <select id="per-page-select" name="per_page" onchange="this.form.submit()">
+                            {% for size in per_page_options %}
+                            <option value="{{ size }}" {{ 'selected' if size == per_page else '' }}>{{ size }}</option>
+                            {% endfor %}
+                        </select>
+                        <span>{{ l('条', 'items') }}</span>
+                        <noscript><button type="submit" class="forum-btn-muted">{{ l('应用', 'Apply') }}</button></noscript>
+                    </form>
+                </div>
+                {% endif %}
             </div>
 
             <aside class="forum-sidebar">
                 <div class="side-card">
-                    <h3>社区统计</h3>
+                    <h3>{{ l('社区统计', 'Community Stats') }}</h3>
                     <div class="side-stats">
-                        <div><span>用户</span><strong>{{ sb.total_users }}</strong></div>
-                        <div><span>帖子</span><strong>{{ sb.total_posts }}</strong></div>
-                        <div><span>评论</span><strong>{{ sb.total_comments }}</strong></div>
+                        <div><span>{{ l('用户', 'Users') }}</span><strong>{{ sb.total_users }}</strong></div>
+                        <div><span>{{ l('帖子', 'Posts') }}</span><strong>{{ sb.total_posts }}</strong></div>
+                        <div><span>{{ l('评论', 'Comments') }}</span><strong>{{ sb.total_comments }}</strong></div>
                     </div>
                 </div>
                 <div class="side-card">
-                    <h3>分类热度</h3>
+                    <h3>{{ l('分类热度', 'Category Heat') }}</h3>
                     {% if sb.category_counts %}
                     <ul class="side-list">
                         {% for name, count in sb.category_counts %}
@@ -169,11 +204,11 @@
                         {% endfor %}
                     </ul>
                     {% else %}
-                    <p class="side-empty">暂无分类数据</p>
+                    <p class="side-empty">{{ l('暂无分类数据', 'No category data') }}</p>
                     {% endif %}
                 </div>
                 <div class="side-card">
-                    <h3>活跃作者</h3>
+                    <h3>{{ l('活跃作者', 'Active Authors') }}</h3>
                     {% if sb.active_users %}
                     <ul class="side-list">
                         {% for username, post_count in sb.active_users %}
@@ -181,7 +216,7 @@
                         {% endfor %}
                     </ul>
                     {% else %}
-                    <p class="side-empty">暂无活跃作者</p>
+                    <p class="side-empty">{{ l('暂无活跃作者', 'No active authors') }}</p>
                     {% endif %}
                 </div>
             </aside>
diff --git a/templates/forum/notifications.html b/templates/forum/notifications.html
index b52cca3..3e23212 100644
--- a/templates/forum/notifications.html
+++ b/templates/forum/notifications.html
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="zh-CN">
+<html lang="{{ 'zh-CN' if lang == 'zh' else 'en' }}">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-    <title>通知中心 - 论坛</title>
+    <title>{{ l('通知中心', 'Notifications') }} - {{ l('论坛', 'Forum') }}</title>
+    <link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="{{ url_for('static', filename='img/site-logo-mark.svg') }}">
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/style.css">
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/forum.css">
 </head>
@@ -11,17 +12,25 @@
     <header class="forum-header">
         <div class="forum-header-inner">
             <div class="forum-header-left">
-                <a href="{{ url_for('forum_index') }}" class="forum-logo">VPS 论坛</a>
+                <a href="{{ url_for('forum_index') }}" class="forum-logo">
+                    <img src="{{ url_for('static', filename='img/site-logo-mark.svg') }}" alt="{{ l('云价眼 Logo', 'VPS Price Logo') }}">
+                    <span>{{ l('云价眼论坛', 'VPS Price Forum') }}</span>
+                </a>
                 <nav class="forum-primary-nav">
-                    <a href="{{ url_for('forum_index') }}">最新</a>
-                    <a href="{{ url_for('index') }}">价格表</a>
-                    <a href="{{ url_for('user_profile') }}">个人中心</a>
-                    <a href="{{ url_for('user_notifications') }}" class="active nav-link-with-badge">通知{% if notifications_unread_count %}<span class="nav-badge">{{ notifications_unread_count }}</span>{% endif %}</a>
+                    <a href="{{ url_for('forum_index') }}">{{ l('最新', 'Latest') }}</a>
+                    <a href="{{ url_for('index') }}">{{ l('价格表', 'Pricing') }}</a>
+                    <a href="{{ url_for('user_profile') }}">{{ l('个人中心', 'Profile') }}</a>
+                    <a href="{{ url_for('user_notifications') }}" class="active nav-link-with-badge">{{ l('通知', 'Notifications') }}{% if notifications_unread_count %}<span class="nav-badge">{{ notifications_unread_count }}</span>{% endif %}</a>
                 </nav>
             </div>
             <div class="forum-header-right">
+                <span class="lang-switch">
+                    <a href="{{ lang_url('zh') }}" class="{{ 'active' if lang == 'zh' else '' }}" title="切换到中文">中文</a>
+                    <span class="lang-sep">|</span>
+                    <a href="{{ lang_url('en') }}" class="{{ 'active' if lang == 'en' else '' }}" title="Switch to English">English</a>
+                </span>
                 <span class="forum-user-chip">{{ current_user.username }}</span>
-                <a href="{{ url_for('user_logout') }}" class="forum-link">退出</a>
+                <a href="{{ url_for('user_logout') }}" class="forum-link">{{ l('退出', 'Logout') }}</a>
             </div>
         </div>
     </header>
@@ -30,25 +39,25 @@
         <section class="profile-layout">
             <div class="profile-main">
                 <article class="topic-post-card profile-summary">
-                    <h1>通知中心</h1>
-                    <p class="editor-subtitle">查看别人对你帖子/评论的互动，以及举报处理结果。</p>
+                    <h1>{{ l('通知中心', 'Notifications') }}</h1>
+                    <p class="editor-subtitle">{{ l('查看别人对你帖子/评论的互动，以及举报处理结果。', 'Track interactions on your posts/comments and report outcomes.') }}</p>
                     <div class="profile-stat-grid">
-                        <div><span>总通知</span><strong>{{ total_count }}</strong></div>
-                        <div><span>未读</span><strong>{{ unread_count }}</strong></div>
-                        <div><span>已读</span><strong>{{ read_count }}</strong></div>
-                        <div><span>当前筛选</span><strong>{{ '未读' if active_status == 'unread' else '已读' if active_status == 'read' else '全部' }}</strong></div>
+                        <div><span>{{ l('总通知', 'Total') }}</span><strong>{{ total_count }}</strong></div>
+                        <div><span>{{ l('未读', 'Unread') }}</span><strong>{{ unread_count }}</strong></div>
+                        <div><span>{{ l('已读', 'Read') }}</span><strong>{{ read_count }}</strong></div>
+                        <div><span>{{ l('当前筛选', 'Current Filter') }}</span><strong>{{ l('未读', 'Unread') if active_status == 'unread' else l('已读', 'Read') if active_status == 'read' else l('全部', 'All') }}</strong></div>
                     </div>
                 </article>
 
                 <section class="topic-post-card">
                     <div class="notification-topline">
                         <div class="forum-tabs profile-tabs">
-                            <a href="{{ url_for('user_notifications', status='all') }}" class="{{ 'active' if active_status == 'all' else '' }}">全部</a>
-                            <a href="{{ url_for('user_notifications', status='unread') }}" class="{{ 'active' if active_status == 'unread' else '' }}">未读</a>
-                            <a href="{{ url_for('user_notifications', status='read') }}" class="{{ 'active' if active_status == 'read' else '' }}">已读</a>
+                            <a href="{{ url_for('user_notifications', status='all') }}" class="{{ 'active' if active_status == 'all' else '' }}">{{ l('全部', 'All') }}</a>
+                            <a href="{{ url_for('user_notifications', status='unread') }}" class="{{ 'active' if active_status == 'unread' else '' }}">{{ l('未读', 'Unread') }}</a>
+                            <a href="{{ url_for('user_notifications', status='read') }}" class="{{ 'active' if active_status == 'read' else '' }}">{{ l('已读', 'Read') }}</a>
                         </div>
                         <form method="post" action="{{ url_for('user_notifications_read_all') }}">
-                            <button type="submit" class="forum-btn-muted">全部标记已读</button>
+                            <button type="submit" class="forum-btn-muted">{{ l('全部标记已读', 'Mark All Read') }}</button>
                         </form>
                     </div>
 
@@ -66,21 +75,21 @@
                         <li class="notification-row {{ '' if n.is_read else 'unread' }}">
                             <div class="notification-body">
                                 <div class="notification-head">
-                                    <span class="status-pill {{ 'active' if not n.is_read else 'inactive' }}">{{ '未读' if not n.is_read else '已读' }}</span>
+                                    <span class="status-pill {{ 'active' if not n.is_read else 'inactive' }}">{{ l('未读', 'Unread') if not n.is_read else l('已读', 'Read') }}</span>
                                     <span class="topic-category">{{ item.type_label }}</span>
                                     <span>{{ item.time_text }}</span>
                                     {% if item.actor_name %}
-                                    <span>来自 {{ item.actor_name }}</span>
+                                    <span>{{ l('来自', 'From') }} {{ item.actor_name }}</span>
                                     {% endif %}
                                 </div>
                                 <div class="notification-message">{{ n.message }}</div>
                             </div>
                             <div class="notification-actions">
-                                <a href="{{ url_for('user_notification_go', notification_id=n.id) }}" class="forum-btn-primary">查看</a>
+                                <a href="{{ url_for('user_notification_go', notification_id=n.id) }}" class="forum-btn-primary">{{ l('查看', 'Open') }}</a>
                                 {% if not n.is_read %}
                                 <form method="post" action="{{ url_for('user_notification_read', notification_id=n.id) }}">
                                     <input type="hidden" name="next" value="{{ request.full_path if request.query_string else request.path }}">
-                                    <button type="submit" class="forum-btn-muted">标记已读</button>
+                                    <button type="submit" class="forum-btn-muted">{{ l('标记已读', 'Mark Read') }}</button>
                                 </form>
                                 {% endif %}
                             </div>
@@ -88,27 +97,27 @@
                         {% endfor %}
                     </ul>
                     {% else %}
-                    <p class="topic-empty">当前没有通知。</p>
+                    <p class="topic-empty">{{ l('当前没有通知。', 'No notifications right now.') }}</p>
                     {% endif %}
                 </section>
             </div>
 
             <aside class="forum-sidebar">
                 <div class="side-card">
-                    <h3>通知说明</h3>
+                    <h3>{{ l('通知说明', 'Notification Types') }}</h3>
                     <ul class="side-list">
-                        <li><span>帖子新评论</span><strong>别人评论你的帖子</strong></li>
-                        <li><span>主题新回复</span><strong>别人回复你参与的主题</strong></li>
-                        <li><span>举报处理结果</span><strong>你发起的举报被处理</strong></li>
-                        <li><span>内容处理通知</span><strong>你的内容被处理</strong></li>
+                        <li><span>{{ l('帖子新评论', 'New comment') }}</span><strong>{{ l('别人评论你的帖子', 'Someone commented on your topic') }}</strong></li>
+                        <li><span>{{ l('主题新回复', 'New reply') }}</span><strong>{{ l('别人回复你参与的主题', 'Someone replied to a topic you joined') }}</strong></li>
+                        <li><span>{{ l('举报处理结果', 'Report update') }}</span><strong>{{ l('你发起的举报被处理', 'Your submitted report was processed') }}</strong></li>
+                        <li><span>{{ l('内容处理通知', 'Content moderation') }}</span><strong>{{ l('你的内容被处理', 'Your content was moderated') }}</strong></li>
                     </ul>
                 </div>
                 <div class="side-card">
-                    <h3>快捷操作</h3>
+                    <h3>{{ l('快捷操作', 'Quick Actions') }}</h3>
                     <div class="form-actions">
-                        <a href="{{ url_for('forum_post_new') }}" class="forum-btn-primary">发布主题</a>
-                        <a href="{{ url_for('user_profile') }}" class="forum-btn-muted">返回个人中心</a>
-                        <a href="{{ url_for('forum_index') }}" class="forum-btn-muted">返回论坛</a>
+                        <a href="{{ url_for('forum_post_new') }}" class="forum-btn-primary">{{ l('发布主题', 'New Topic') }}</a>
+                        <a href="{{ url_for('user_profile') }}" class="forum-btn-muted">{{ l('返回个人中心', 'Back to Profile') }}</a>
+                        <a href="{{ url_for('forum_index') }}" class="forum-btn-muted">{{ l('返回论坛', 'Back to Forum') }}</a>
                     </div>
                 </div>
             </aside>
diff --git a/templates/forum/post_detail.html b/templates/forum/post_detail.html
index 09b5191..9cc3449 100644
--- a/templates/forum/post_detail.html
+++ b/templates/forum/post_detail.html
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="zh-CN">
+<html lang="{{ 'zh-CN' if lang == 'zh' else 'en' }}">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-    <title>{{ post.title }} - 论坛</title>
+    <title>{{ post.title }} - {{ l('论坛', 'Forum') }}</title>
+    <link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="{{ url_for('static', filename='img/site-logo-mark.svg') }}">
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/style.css">
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/forum.css">
 </head>
@@ -12,24 +13,32 @@
     <header class="forum-header">
         <div class="forum-header-inner">
             <div class="forum-header-left">
-                <a href="{{ url_for('forum_index') }}" class="forum-logo">VPS 论坛</a>
+                <a href="{{ url_for('forum_index') }}" class="forum-logo">
+                    <img src="{{ url_for('static', filename='img/site-logo-mark.svg') }}" alt="{{ l('云价眼 Logo', 'VPS Price Logo') }}">
+                    <span>{{ l('云价眼论坛', 'VPS Price Forum') }}</span>
+                </a>
                 <nav class="forum-primary-nav">
-                    <a href="{{ url_for('forum_index') }}" class="active">最新</a>
-                    <a href="{{ url_for('index') }}">价格表</a>
+                    <a href="{{ url_for('forum_index') }}" class="active">{{ l('最新', 'Latest') }}</a>
+                    <a href="{{ url_for('index') }}">{{ l('价格表', 'Pricing') }}</a>
                     {% if current_user and not current_user.is_banned %}
-                    <a href="{{ url_for('forum_post_new') }}">发布主题</a>
+                    <a href="{{ url_for('forum_post_new') }}">{{ l('发布主题', 'New Topic') }}</a>
                     {% endif %}
                 </nav>
             </div>
             <div class="forum-header-right">
+                <span class="lang-switch">
+                    <a href="{{ lang_url('zh') }}" class="{{ 'active' if lang == 'zh' else '' }}" title="切换到中文">中文</a>
+                    <span class="lang-sep">|</span>
+                    <a href="{{ lang_url('en') }}" class="{{ 'active' if lang == 'en' else '' }}" title="Switch to English">English</a>
+                </span>
                 {% if current_user %}
-                <span class="forum-user-chip">{{ current_user.username }}{% if current_user.is_banned %}（封禁）{% endif %}</span>
-                <a href="{{ url_for('user_profile') }}" class="forum-link">个人中心</a>
-                <a href="{{ url_for('user_notifications') }}" class="forum-link nav-link-with-badge">通知{% if notifications_unread_count %}<span class="nav-badge">{{ notifications_unread_count }}</span>{% endif %}</a>
-                <a href="{{ url_for('user_logout') }}" class="forum-link">退出</a>
+                <span class="forum-user-chip">{{ current_user.username }}{% if current_user.is_banned %}{{ l('（封禁）', ' (Banned)') }}{% endif %}</span>
+                <a href="{{ url_for('user_profile') }}" class="forum-link">{{ l('个人中心', 'Profile') }}</a>
+                <a href="{{ url_for('user_notifications') }}" class="forum-link nav-link-with-badge">{{ l('通知', 'Notifications') }}{% if notifications_unread_count %}<span class="nav-badge">{{ notifications_unread_count }}</span>{% endif %}</a>
+                <a href="{{ url_for('user_logout') }}" class="forum-link">{{ l('退出', 'Logout') }}</a>
                 {% else %}
-                <a href="{{ url_for('user_login', next=request.path) }}" class="forum-link">登录</a>
-                <a href="{{ url_for('user_register', next=request.path) }}" class="forum-link">注册</a>
+                <a href="{{ url_for('user_login', next=request.path) }}" class="forum-link">{{ l('登录', 'Login') }}</a>
+                <a href="{{ url_for('user_register', next=request.path) }}" class="forum-link">{{ l('注册', 'Register') }}</a>
                 {% endif %}
             </div>
         </div>
@@ -40,37 +49,37 @@
             <div class="topic-stream">
                 <article class="topic-post-card">
                     <div class="topic-post-head">
-                        <span class="topic-category">{{ post.category or '综合讨论' }}</span>
-                        {% if post.is_pinned %}<span class="topic-flag flag-pinned">置顶</span>{% endif %}
-                        {% if post.is_featured %}<span class="topic-flag flag-featured">精华</span>{% endif %}
-                        {% if post.is_locked %}<span class="topic-flag flag-locked">锁帖</span>{% endif %}
+                        <span class="topic-category">{{ post.category or l('综合讨论', 'General') }}</span>
+                        {% if post.is_pinned %}<span class="topic-flag flag-pinned">{{ l('置顶', 'Pinned') }}</span>{% endif %}
+                        {% if post.is_featured %}<span class="topic-flag flag-featured">{{ l('精华', 'Featured') }}</span>{% endif %}
+                        {% if post.is_locked %}<span class="topic-flag flag-locked">{{ l('锁帖', 'Locked') }}</span>{% endif %}
                         <span>{{ post.created_at.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M') if post.created_at else '' }}</span>
-                        <span>浏览 {{ post.view_count or 0 }}</span>
-                        <span>点赞 {{ like_count or 0 }}</span>
-                        <span>收藏 {{ bookmark_count or 0 }}</span>
+                        <span>{{ l('浏览', 'Views') }} {{ post.view_count or 0 }}</span>
+                        <span>{{ l('点赞', 'Likes') }} {{ like_count or 0 }}</span>
+                        <span>{{ l('收藏', 'Bookmarks') }} {{ bookmark_count or 0 }}</span>
                     </div>
                     <h1>{{ post.title }}</h1>
-                    <div class="topic-post-author">作者：{{ post.author_rel.username if post.author_rel else '已注销用户' }}</div>
+                    <div class="topic-post-author">{{ l('作者：', 'Author: ') }}{{ post.author_rel.username if post.author_rel else l('已注销用户', 'Deleted user') }}</div>
                     <div class="topic-action-bar">
                         {% if current_user and can_interact %}
                         <form method="post" action="{{ url_for('forum_post_like_toggle', post_id=post.id) }}">
-                            <button type="submit" class="forum-btn-muted {{ 'active' if liked_by_me else '' }}">{{ '已点赞' if liked_by_me else '点赞' }}</button>
+                            <button type="submit" class="forum-btn-muted {{ 'active' if liked_by_me else '' }}">{{ l('已点赞', 'Liked') if liked_by_me else l('点赞', 'Like') }}</button>
                         </form>
                         <form method="post" action="{{ url_for('forum_post_bookmark_toggle', post_id=post.id) }}">
-                            <button type="submit" class="forum-btn-muted {{ 'active' if bookmarked_by_me else '' }}">{{ '已收藏' if bookmarked_by_me else '收藏' }}</button>
+                            <button type="submit" class="forum-btn-muted {{ 'active' if bookmarked_by_me else '' }}">{{ l('已收藏', 'Bookmarked') if bookmarked_by_me else l('收藏', 'Bookmark') }}</button>
                         </form>
                         {% elif current_user and not can_interact %}
-                        <span class="topic-empty">账号被封禁，暂不可互动</span>
+                        <span class="topic-empty">{{ l('账号被封禁，暂不可互动', 'Your account is banned. Interaction is disabled.') }}</span>
                         {% else %}
-                        <a href="{{ url_for('user_login', next=request.path) }}" class="forum-btn-muted">登录后点赞/收藏</a>
+                        <a href="{{ url_for('user_login', next=request.path) }}" class="forum-btn-muted">{{ l('登录后点赞/收藏', 'Login to like/bookmark') }}</a>
                         {% endif %}
                         {% if current_user and current_user.id == post.user_id and can_interact %}
-                        <a href="{{ url_for('forum_post_edit', post_id=post.id) }}" class="forum-btn-muted">编辑帖子</a>
-                        <form method="post" action="{{ url_for('forum_post_delete', post_id=post.id) }}" onsubmit="return confirm('确定删除该帖子？删除后不可恢复。');">
-                            <button type="submit" class="forum-btn-danger">删除帖子</button>
+                        <a href="{{ url_for('forum_post_edit', post_id=post.id) }}" class="forum-btn-muted">{{ l('编辑帖子', 'Edit Topic') }}</a>
+                        <form method="post" action="{{ url_for('forum_post_delete', post_id=post.id) }}" onsubmit="return confirm('{{ l('确定删除该帖子？删除后不可恢复。', 'Delete this topic permanently?') }}');">
+                            <button type="submit" class="forum-btn-danger">{{ l('删除帖子', 'Delete Topic') }}</button>
                         </form>
                         {% elif current_user and current_user.id == post.user_id and not can_interact %}
-                        <span class="topic-empty">账号封禁中，无法编辑或删除帖子</span>
+                        <span class="topic-empty">{{ l('账号封禁中，无法编辑或删除帖子', 'Account banned. Editing/deleting is disabled.') }}</span>
                         {% elif current_user and can_interact %}
                         <form method="post" action="{{ url_for('forum_report_create') }}" class="report-form-inline">
                             <input type="hidden" name="target_type" value="post">
@@ -80,15 +89,15 @@
                                 <option value="{{ reason }}">{{ reason }}</option>
                                 {% endfor %}
                             </select>
-                            <button type="submit" class="forum-btn-muted">举报帖子</button>
+                            <button type="submit" class="forum-btn-muted">{{ l('举报帖子', 'Report Topic') }}</button>
                         </form>
                         {% endif %}
                     </div>
-                    <div class="topic-post-content">{{ post.content }}</div>
+                    <div class="topic-post-content md-content">{{ post.content|markdown_html }}</div>
                 </article>
 
                 <section class="topic-post-card">
-                    <h2>评论（{{ comments|length }}）</h2>
+                    <h2>{{ l('评论', 'Comments') }}（{{ comments|length }}）</h2>
                     {% if message %}
                     <p class="form-success">{{ message }}</p>
                     {% endif %}
@@ -97,19 +106,20 @@
                     {% endif %}
 
                     {% if post.is_locked %}
-                    <p class="topic-empty">该帖子已锁定，暂不允许新增评论。</p>
+                    <p class="topic-empty">{{ l('该帖子已锁定，暂不允许新增评论。', 'This topic is locked. New comments are disabled.') }}</p>
                     {% elif current_user and can_interact %}
                     <form method="post" action="{{ url_for('forum_post_comment', post_id=post.id) }}" class="comment-form">
                         <div class="form-group">
-                            <label for="content">写下你的评论</label>
+                            <label for="content">{{ l('写下你的评论', 'Write your comment') }}</label>
                             <textarea id="content" name="content" required rows="4" minlength="2"></textarea>
+                            <small class="form-help">{{ l('支持 Markdown 代码块。', 'Markdown code blocks are supported.') }}</small>
                         </div>
-                        <button type="submit" class="forum-btn-primary">发布评论</button>
+                        <button type="submit" class="forum-btn-primary">{{ l('发布评论', 'Post Comment') }}</button>
                     </form>
                     {% elif current_user and not can_interact %}
-                    <p class="topic-empty">账号被封禁，暂不可评论。</p>
+                    <p class="topic-empty">{{ l('账号被封禁，暂不可评论。', 'Your account is banned. Commenting is disabled.') }}</p>
                     {% else %}
-                    <p class="topic-empty">请先 <a href="{{ url_for('user_login', next=request.path) }}">登录</a> 后评论。</p>
+                    <p class="topic-empty">{{ l('请先', 'Please') }} <a href="{{ url_for('user_login', next=request.path) }}">{{ l('登录', 'log in') }}</a> {{ l('后评论。', 'to comment.') }}</p>
                     {% endif %}
 
                     {% if comments %}
@@ -119,18 +129,18 @@
                             <div class="comment-avatar">{{ (c.author_rel.username[0] if c.author_rel and c.author_rel.username else '?')|upper }}</div>
                             <div class="comment-body">
                                 <div class="comment-head">
-                                    <span class="comment-author">{{ c.author_rel.username if c.author_rel else '已注销用户' }}</span>
+                                    <span class="comment-author">{{ c.author_rel.username if c.author_rel else l('已注销用户', 'Deleted user') }}</span>
                                     <span>{{ c.created_at.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M') if c.created_at else '' }}</span>
                                 </div>
-                                <div class="comment-content">{{ c.content }}</div>
+                                <div class="comment-content md-content">{{ c.content|markdown_html }}</div>
                                 <div class="comment-actions">
                                     {% if current_user and current_user.id == c.user_id and can_interact %}
-                                    <a href="{{ url_for('forum_comment_edit', comment_id=c.id) }}">编辑</a>
-                                    <form method="post" action="{{ url_for('forum_comment_delete', comment_id=c.id) }}" onsubmit="return confirm('确定删除这条评论？');">
-                                        <button type="submit" class="btn-link-delete">删除</button>
+                                    <a href="{{ url_for('forum_comment_edit', comment_id=c.id) }}">{{ l('编辑', 'Edit') }}</a>
+                                    <form method="post" action="{{ url_for('forum_comment_delete', comment_id=c.id) }}" onsubmit="return confirm('{{ l('确定删除这条评论？', 'Delete this comment?') }}');">
+                                        <button type="submit" class="btn-link-delete">{{ l('删除', 'Delete') }}</button>
                                     </form>
                                     {% elif current_user and current_user.id == c.user_id and not can_interact %}
-                                    <span class="muted-text">账号封禁中</span>
+                                    <span class="muted-text">{{ l('账号封禁中', 'Account banned') }}</span>
                                     {% elif current_user and can_interact %}
                                     <form method="post" action="{{ url_for('forum_report_create') }}" class="report-form-inline">
                                         <input type="hidden" name="target_type" value="comment">
@@ -140,7 +150,7 @@
                                             <option value="{{ reason }}">{{ reason }}</option>
                                             {% endfor %}
                                         </select>
-                                        <button type="submit" class="btn-link-delete">举报</button>
+                                        <button type="submit" class="btn-link-delete">{{ l('举报', 'Report') }}</button>
                                     </form>
                                     {% endif %}
                                 </div>
@@ -149,22 +159,22 @@
                         {% endfor %}
                     </ul>
                     {% else %}
-                    <p class="topic-empty">还没有评论，欢迎抢沙发。</p>
+                    <p class="topic-empty">{{ l('还没有评论，欢迎抢沙发。', 'No comments yet. Be the first to reply.') }}</p>
                     {% endif %}
                 </section>
             </div>
 
             <aside class="forum-sidebar">
                 <div class="side-card">
-                    <h3>社区统计</h3>
+                    <h3>{{ l('社区统计', 'Community Stats') }}</h3>
                     <div class="side-stats">
-                        <div><span>用户</span><strong>{{ sb.total_users }}</strong></div>
-                        <div><span>帖子</span><strong>{{ sb.total_posts }}</strong></div>
-                        <div><span>评论</span><strong>{{ sb.total_comments }}</strong></div>
+                        <div><span>{{ l('用户', 'Users') }}</span><strong>{{ sb.total_users }}</strong></div>
+                        <div><span>{{ l('帖子', 'Posts') }}</span><strong>{{ sb.total_posts }}</strong></div>
+                        <div><span>{{ l('评论', 'Comments') }}</span><strong>{{ sb.total_comments }}</strong></div>
                     </div>
                 </div>
                 <div class="side-card">
-                    <h3>分类热度</h3>
+                    <h3>{{ l('分类热度', 'Category Heat') }}</h3>
                     {% if sb.category_counts %}
                     <ul class="side-list">
                         {% for name, count in sb.category_counts %}
@@ -172,7 +182,7 @@
                         {% endfor %}
                     </ul>
                     {% else %}
-                    <p class="side-empty">暂无分类数据</p>
+                    <p class="side-empty">{{ l('暂无分类数据', 'No category data') }}</p>
                     {% endif %}
                 </div>
             </aside>
diff --git a/templates/forum/post_form.html b/templates/forum/post_form.html
index df60157..0d57325 100644
--- a/templates/forum/post_form.html
+++ b/templates/forum/post_form.html
@@ -1,33 +1,42 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="zh-CN">
+<html lang="{{ 'zh-CN' if lang == 'zh' else 'en' }}">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-    <title>发布帖子 - 云价眼</title>
+    <title>{{ l('发布帖子', 'Topic Editor') }} - {{ l('云价眼', 'VPS Price') }}</title>
+    <link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="{{ url_for('static', filename='img/site-logo-mark.svg') }}">
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/style.css">
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/forum.css">
 </head>
 <body class="forum-page">
     {% set category_options = categories if categories is defined and categories else forum_categories if forum_categories is defined and forum_categories else ['综合讨论', 'VPS 评测', '优惠活动', '运维经验', '新手提问'] %}
-    {% set p_title = page_title if page_title is defined and page_title else '创建新主题' %}
-    {% set p_submit = submit_text if submit_text is defined and submit_text else '发布主题' %}
+    {% set p_title = page_title if page_title is defined and page_title else l('创建新主题', 'Create Topic') %}
+    {% set p_submit = submit_text if submit_text is defined and submit_text else l('发布主题', 'Publish') %}
     {% set p_action = action_url if action_url is defined and action_url else url_for('forum_post_new') %}
     {% set p_cancel = cancel_url if cancel_url is defined and cancel_url else url_for('forum_index') %}
     {% set p_mode = form_mode if form_mode is defined else 'create' %}
     <header class="forum-header">
         <div class="forum-header-inner">
             <div class="forum-header-left">
-                <a href="{{ url_for('forum_index') }}" class="forum-logo">VPS 论坛</a>
+                <a href="{{ url_for('forum_index') }}" class="forum-logo">
+                    <img src="{{ url_for('static', filename='img/site-logo-mark.svg') }}" alt="{{ l('云价眼 Logo', 'VPS Price Logo') }}">
+                    <span>{{ l('云价眼论坛', 'VPS Price Forum') }}</span>
+                </a>
                 <nav class="forum-primary-nav">
-                    <a href="{{ url_for('forum_index') }}" class="{{ 'active' if p_mode == 'create' else '' }}">最新</a>
-                    <a href="{{ url_for('index') }}">价格表</a>
+                    <a href="{{ url_for('forum_index') }}" class="{{ 'active' if p_mode == 'create' else '' }}">{{ l('最新', 'Latest') }}</a>
+                    <a href="{{ url_for('index') }}">{{ l('价格表', 'Pricing') }}</a>
                 </nav>
             </div>
             <div class="forum-header-right">
+                <span class="lang-switch">
+                    <a href="{{ lang_url('zh') }}" class="{{ 'active' if lang == 'zh' else '' }}" title="切换到中文">中文</a>
+                    <span class="lang-sep">|</span>
+                    <a href="{{ lang_url('en') }}" class="{{ 'active' if lang == 'en' else '' }}" title="Switch to English">English</a>
+                </span>
                 <span class="forum-user-chip">{{ current_user.username }}</span>
-                <a href="{{ url_for('user_profile') }}" class="forum-link">个人中心</a>
-                <a href="{{ url_for('user_notifications') }}" class="forum-link nav-link-with-badge">通知{% if notifications_unread_count %}<span class="nav-badge">{{ notifications_unread_count }}</span>{% endif %}</a>
-                <a href="{{ url_for('user_logout') }}" class="forum-link">退出</a>
+                <a href="{{ url_for('user_profile') }}" class="forum-link">{{ l('个人中心', 'Profile') }}</a>
+                <a href="{{ url_for('user_notifications') }}" class="forum-link nav-link-with-badge">{{ l('通知', 'Notifications') }}{% if notifications_unread_count %}<span class="nav-badge">{{ notifications_unread_count }}</span>{% endif %}</a>
+                <a href="{{ url_for('user_logout') }}" class="forum-link">{{ l('退出', 'Logout') }}</a>
             </div>
         </div>
     </header>
@@ -38,9 +47,9 @@
                 <h1>{{ p_title }}</h1>
                 <p class="editor-subtitle">
                     {% if p_mode == 'edit' %}
-                    修改标题、分类或正文后保存，帖子会按最新活动时间排序。
+                    {{ l('修改标题、分类或正文后保存，帖子会按最新活动时间排序。', 'Update title/category/content and save. The topic will be sorted by latest activity.') }}
                     {% else %}
-                    描述你的问题、评测或优惠信息，方便其他用户快速理解。
+                    {{ l('描述你的问题、评测或优惠信息，方便其他用户快速理解。', 'Describe your question, review, or deal details for other users.') }}
                     {% endif %}
                 </p>
                 {% if error %}
@@ -48,7 +57,7 @@
                 {% endif %}
                 <form method="post" action="{{ p_action }}" class="post-form">
                     <div class="form-group">
-                        <label for="category">分类</label>
+                        <label for="category">{{ l('分类', 'Category') }}</label>
                         <select id="category" name="category" required>
                             {% for c in category_options %}
                             <option value="{{ c }}" {{ 'selected' if c == category_val else '' }}>{{ c }}</option>
@@ -56,26 +65,27 @@
                         </select>
                     </div>
                     <div class="form-group">
-                        <label for="title">标题</label>
-                        <input id="title" name="title" type="text" required maxlength="160" value="{{ title_val or '' }}" placeholder="例如：2核4G VPS 哪家性价比高？">
+                        <label for="title">{{ l('标题', 'Title') }}</label>
+                        <input id="title" name="title" type="text" required maxlength="160" value="{{ title_val or '' }}" placeholder="{{ l('例如：2核4G VPS 哪家性价比高？', 'Example: Which 2C4G VPS has the best value?') }}">
                     </div>
                     <div class="form-group">
-                        <label for="content">正文</label>
-                        <textarea id="content" name="content" required rows="14" placeholder="请描述你的需求、配置、预算、地区、用途等信息。">{{ content_val or '' }}</textarea>
+                        <label for="content">{{ l('正文', 'Content') }}</label>
+                        <textarea id="content" name="content" required rows="14" placeholder="{{ l('请描述你的需求、配置、预算、地区、用途等信息。', 'Describe your needs: spec, budget, region, and usage.') }}">{{ content_val or '' }}</textarea>
+                        <small class="form-help">{{ l('支持 Markdown，代码块可用 ```language ... ```', 'Markdown supported. Use ```language ... ``` for code blocks.') }}</small>
                     </div>
                     <div class="form-actions">
                         <button type="submit" class="forum-btn-primary">{{ p_submit }}</button>
-                        <a href="{{ p_cancel }}" class="forum-btn-muted">取消</a>
+                        <a href="{{ p_cancel }}" class="forum-btn-muted">{{ l('取消', 'Cancel') }}</a>
                     </div>
                 </form>
             </article>
             <aside class="side-card post-helper">
-                <h3>发帖建议</h3>
+                <h3>{{ l('发帖建议', 'Posting Tips') }}</h3>
                 <ul class="helper-list">
-                    <li>标题尽量包含配置、预算和地区关键词。</li>
-                    <li>正文建议写明：用途、目标线路、可接受价格。</li>
-                    <li>若有实测数据，可附上延迟、带宽或稳定性说明。</li>
-                    <li>避免发布无关广告或重复内容。</li>
+                    <li>{{ l('标题尽量包含配置、预算和地区关键词。', 'Put spec, budget, and region keywords in the title.') }}</li>
+                    <li>{{ l('正文建议写明：用途、目标线路、可接受价格。', 'In content, include usage, target route, and acceptable price.') }}</li>
+                    <li>{{ l('若有实测数据，可附上延迟、带宽或稳定性说明。', 'If you have real test data, add latency/bandwidth/stability notes.') }}</li>
+                    <li>{{ l('避免发布无关广告或重复内容。', 'Avoid unrelated ads or duplicate content.') }}</li>
                 </ul>
             </aside>
         </section>
diff --git a/templates/forum/profile.html b/templates/forum/profile.html
index e61ea04..e799c9e 100644
--- a/templates/forum/profile.html
+++ b/templates/forum/profile.html
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="zh-CN">
+<html lang="{{ 'zh-CN' if lang == 'zh' else 'en' }}">
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-    <title>个人中心 - 论坛</title>
+    <title>{{ l('个人中心', 'Profile') }} - {{ l('论坛', 'Forum') }}</title>
+    <link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="{{ url_for('static', filename='img/site-logo-mark.svg') }}">
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/style.css">
     <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/forum.css">
 </head>
@@ -11,17 +12,25 @@
     <header class="forum-header">
         <div class="forum-header-inner">
             <div class="forum-header-left">
-                <a href="{{ url_for('forum_index') }}" class="forum-logo">VPS 论坛</a>
+                <a href="{{ url_for('forum_index') }}" class="forum-logo">
+                    <img src="{{ url_for('static', filename='img/site-logo-mark.svg') }}" alt="{{ l('云价眼 Logo', 'VPS Price Logo') }}">
+                    <span>{{ l('云价眼论坛', 'VPS Price Forum') }}</span>
+                </a>
                 <nav class="forum-primary-nav">
-                    <a href="{{ url_for('forum_index') }}">最新</a>
-                    <a href="{{ url_for('index') }}">价格表</a>
-                    <a href="{{ url_for('user_profile') }}" class="active">个人中心</a>
-                    <a href="{{ url_for('user_notifications') }}" class="nav-link-with-badge">通知{% if notifications_unread_count %}<span class="nav-badge">{{ notifications_unread_count }}</span>{% endif %}</a>
+                    <a href="{{ url_for('forum_index') }}">{{ l('最新', 'Latest') }}</a>
+                    <a href="{{ url_for('index') }}">{{ l('价格表', 'Pricing') }}</a>
+                    <a href="{{ url_for('user_profile') }}" class="active">{{ l('个人中心', 'Profile') }}</a>
+                    <a href="{{ url_for('user_notifications') }}" class="nav-link-with-badge">{{ l('通知', 'Notifications') }}{% if notifications_unread_count %}<span class="nav-badge">{{ notifications_unread_count }}</span>{% endif %}</a>
                 </nav>
             </div>
             <div class="forum-header-right">
+                <span class="lang-switch">
+                    <a href="{{ lang_url('zh') }}" class="{{ 'active' if lang == 'zh' else '' }}" title="切换到中文">中文</a>
+                    <span class="lang-sep">|</span>
+                    <a href="{{ lang_url('en') }}" class="{{ 'active' if lang == 'en' else '' }}" title="Switch to English">English</a>
+                </span>
                 <span class="forum-user-chip">{{ profile_user.username }}</span>
-                <a href="{{ url_for('user_logout') }}" class="forum-link">退出</a>
+                <a href="{{ url_for('user_logout') }}" class="forum-link">{{ l('退出', 'Logout') }}</a>
             </div>
         </div>
     </header>
@@ -30,27 +39,27 @@
         <section class="profile-layout">
             <div class="profile-main">
                 <article class="topic-post-card profile-summary">
-                    <h1>个人中心</h1>
-                    <p class="editor-subtitle">管理你的帖子、评论和账号设置。</p>
+                    <h1>{{ l('个人中心', 'Profile') }}</h1>
+                    <p class="editor-subtitle">{{ l('管理你的帖子、评论和账号设置。', 'Manage your topics, comments, and account settings.') }}</p>
                     <div class="profile-stat-grid">
-                        <div><span>帖子</span><strong>{{ stats.post_count }}</strong></div>
-                        <div><span>评论</span><strong>{{ stats.comment_count }}</strong></div>
-                        <div><span>点赞</span><strong>{{ stats.like_count }}</strong></div>
-                        <div><span>收藏</span><strong>{{ stats.bookmark_count }}</strong></div>
-                        <div><span>举报</span><strong>{{ stats.report_count }}</strong></div>
-                        <div><span>待处理举报</span><strong>{{ stats.pending_report_count }}</strong></div>
-                        <div><span>通知</span><strong>{{ stats.notification_count }}</strong></div>
-                        <div><span>未读通知</span><strong>{{ stats.unread_notification_count }}</strong></div>
+                        <div><span>{{ l('帖子', 'Posts') }}</span><strong>{{ stats.post_count }}</strong></div>
+                        <div><span>{{ l('评论', 'Comments') }}</span><strong>{{ stats.comment_count }}</strong></div>
+                        <div><span>{{ l('点赞', 'Likes') }}</span><strong>{{ stats.like_count }}</strong></div>
+                        <div><span>{{ l('收藏', 'Bookmarks') }}</span><strong>{{ stats.bookmark_count }}</strong></div>
+                        <div><span>{{ l('举报', 'Reports') }}</span><strong>{{ stats.report_count }}</strong></div>
+                        <div><span>{{ l('待处理举报', 'Pending Reports') }}</span><strong>{{ stats.pending_report_count }}</strong></div>
+                        <div><span>{{ l('通知', 'Notifications') }}</span><strong>{{ stats.notification_count }}</strong></div>
+                        <div><span>{{ l('未读通知', 'Unread') }}</span><strong>{{ stats.unread_notification_count }}</strong></div>
                     </div>
                 </article>
 
                 <section class="topic-post-card">
                     <div class="forum-tabs profile-tabs">
-                        <a href="{{ url_for('user_profile', tab='posts') }}" class="{{ 'active' if active_tab == 'posts' else '' }}">我的帖子</a>
-                        <a href="{{ url_for('user_profile', tab='comments') }}" class="{{ 'active' if active_tab == 'comments' else '' }}">我的评论</a>
-                        <a href="{{ url_for('user_profile', tab='likes') }}" class="{{ 'active' if active_tab == 'likes' else '' }}">我的点赞</a>
-                        <a href="{{ url_for('user_profile', tab='bookmarks') }}" class="{{ 'active' if active_tab == 'bookmarks' else '' }}">我的收藏</a>
-                        <a href="{{ url_for('user_profile', tab='settings') }}" class="{{ 'active' if active_tab == 'settings' else '' }}">账号设置</a>
+                        <a href="{{ url_for('user_profile', tab='posts') }}" class="{{ 'active' if active_tab == 'posts' else '' }}">{{ l('我的帖子', 'My Posts') }}</a>
+                        <a href="{{ url_for('user_profile', tab='comments') }}" class="{{ 'active' if active_tab == 'comments' else '' }}">{{ l('我的评论', 'My Comments') }}</a>
+                        <a href="{{ url_for('user_profile', tab='likes') }}" class="{{ 'active' if active_tab == 'likes' else '' }}">{{ l('我的点赞', 'My Likes') }}</a>
+                        <a href="{{ url_for('user_profile', tab='bookmarks') }}" class="{{ 'active' if active_tab == 'bookmarks' else '' }}">{{ l('我的收藏', 'My Bookmarks') }}</a>
+                        <a href="{{ url_for('user_profile', tab='settings') }}" class="{{ 'active' if active_tab == 'settings' else '' }}">{{ l('账号设置', 'Settings') }}</a>
                     </div>
 
                     {% if message %}
@@ -69,23 +78,23 @@
                             <div class="profile-row-main">
                                 <a href="{{ url_for('forum_post_detail', post_id=post.id) }}" class="topic-title">{{ post.title }}</a>
                                 <div class="topic-meta">
-                                    <span class="topic-category">{{ post.category or '综合讨论' }}</span>
-                                    <span>创建：{{ post.created_at.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M') if post.created_at else '' }}</span>
-                                    <span>回复 {{ item.reply_count }}</span>
-                                    <span>浏览 {{ item.view_count }}</span>
+                                    <span class="topic-category">{{ post.category or l('综合讨论', 'General') }}</span>
+                                    <span>{{ l('创建：', 'Created: ') }}{{ post.created_at.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M') if post.created_at else '' }}</span>
+                                    <span>{{ l('回复', 'Replies') }} {{ item.reply_count }}</span>
+                                    <span>{{ l('浏览', 'Views') }} {{ item.view_count }}</span>
                                 </div>
                             </div>
                             <div class="profile-row-actions">
-                                <a href="{{ url_for('forum_post_edit', post_id=post.id) }}">编辑</a>
-                                <form method="post" action="{{ url_for('forum_post_delete', post_id=post.id) }}" onsubmit="return confirm('确定删除该帖子？');">
-                                    <button type="submit" class="btn-link-delete">删除</button>
+                                <a href="{{ url_for('forum_post_edit', post_id=post.id) }}">{{ l('编辑', 'Edit') }}</a>
+                                <form method="post" action="{{ url_for('forum_post_delete', post_id=post.id) }}" onsubmit="return confirm('{{ l('确定删除该帖子？', 'Delete this topic?') }}');">
+                                    <button type="submit" class="btn-link-delete">{{ l('删除', 'Delete') }}</button>
                                 </form>
                             </div>
                         </li>
                         {% endfor %}
                     </ul>
                     {% else %}
-                    <p class="topic-empty">你还没有发过帖子，先去 <a href="{{ url_for('forum_post_new') }}">发布主题</a> 吧。</p>
+                    <p class="topic-empty">{{ l('你还没有发过帖子，先去', 'You have not posted yet. Go') }} <a href="{{ url_for('forum_post_new') }}">{{ l('发布主题', 'create one') }}</a>{{ l('吧。', '.') }}</p>
                     {% endif %}
                     {% elif active_tab == 'comments' %}
                     {% if my_comment_items %}
@@ -94,23 +103,23 @@
                         {% set c = item.comment %}
                         <li class="profile-row">
                             <div class="profile-row-main">
-                                <a href="{{ url_for('forum_post_detail', post_id=item.post_id) }}" class="topic-title">{{ item.post_title or '帖子已删除' }}</a>
+                                <a href="{{ url_for('forum_post_detail', post_id=item.post_id) }}" class="topic-title">{{ item.post_title or l('帖子已删除', 'Deleted topic') }}</a>
                                 <div class="topic-meta">
-                                    <span>评论时间：{{ c.created_at.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M') if c.created_at else '' }}</span>
+                                    <span>{{ l('评论时间：', 'Commented: ') }}{{ c.created_at.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M') if c.created_at else '' }}</span>
                                 </div>
-                                <div class="comment-content">{{ c.content }}</div>
+                                <div class="comment-content md-content">{{ c.content|markdown_html }}</div>
                             </div>
                             <div class="profile-row-actions">
-                                <a href="{{ url_for('forum_comment_edit', comment_id=c.id) }}">编辑</a>
-                                <form method="post" action="{{ url_for('forum_comment_delete', comment_id=c.id) }}" onsubmit="return confirm('确定删除这条评论？');">
-                                    <button type="submit" class="btn-link-delete">删除</button>
+                                <a href="{{ url_for('forum_comment_edit', comment_id=c.id) }}">{{ l('编辑', 'Edit') }}</a>
+                                <form method="post" action="{{ url_for('forum_comment_delete', comment_id=c.id) }}" onsubmit="return confirm('{{ l('确定删除这条评论？', 'Delete this comment?') }}');">
+                                    <button type="submit" class="btn-link-delete">{{ l('删除', 'Delete') }}</button>
                                 </form>
                             </div>
                         </li>
                         {% endfor %}
                     </ul>
                     {% else %}
-                    <p class="topic-empty">你还没有评论记录。</p>
+                    <p class="topic-empty">{{ l('你还没有评论记录。', 'No comments yet.') }}</p>
                     {% endif %}
                     {% elif active_tab == 'likes' %}
                     {% if my_like_items %}
@@ -120,22 +129,22 @@
                             <div class="profile-row-main">
                                 <a href="{{ url_for('forum_post_detail', post_id=item.post_id) }}" class="topic-title">{{ item.post_title }}</a>
                                 <div class="topic-meta">
-                                    <span class="topic-category">{{ item.post_category or '综合讨论' }}</span>
-                                    <span>帖子创建：{{ item.post_created_at.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M') if item.post_created_at else '' }}</span>
-                                    <span>点赞时间：{{ item.like.created_at.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M') if item.like.created_at else '' }}</span>
+                                    <span class="topic-category">{{ item.post_category or l('综合讨论', 'General') }}</span>
+                                    <span>{{ l('帖子创建：', 'Post created: ') }}{{ item.post_created_at.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M') if item.post_created_at else '' }}</span>
+                                    <span>{{ l('点赞时间：', 'Liked at: ') }}{{ item.like.created_at.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M') if item.like.created_at else '' }}</span>
                                 </div>
                             </div>
                             <div class="profile-row-actions">
                                 <form method="post" action="{{ url_for('forum_post_like_toggle', post_id=item.post_id) }}">
-                                    <input type="hidden" name="next" value="{{ url_for('user_profile', tab='likes', msg='已取消点赞') }}">
-                                    <button type="submit" class="btn-link-delete">取消点赞</button>
+                                    <input type="hidden" name="next" value="{{ url_for('user_profile', tab='likes', msg=l('已取消点赞', 'Like removed')) }}">
+                                    <button type="submit" class="btn-link-delete">{{ l('取消点赞', 'Remove Like') }}</button>
                                 </form>
                             </div>
                         </li>
                         {% endfor %}
                     </ul>
                     {% else %}
-                    <p class="topic-empty">你还没有点赞任何帖子。</p>
+                    <p class="topic-empty">{{ l('你还没有点赞任何帖子。', 'You have not liked any topics yet.') }}</p>
                     {% endif %}
                     {% elif active_tab == 'bookmarks' %}
                     {% if my_bookmark_items %}
@@ -145,54 +154,54 @@
                             <div class="profile-row-main">
                                 <a href="{{ url_for('forum_post_detail', post_id=item.post_id) }}" class="topic-title">{{ item.post_title }}</a>
                                 <div class="topic-meta">
-                                    <span class="topic-category">{{ item.post_category or '综合讨论' }}</span>
-                                    <span>帖子创建：{{ item.post_created_at.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M') if item.post_created_at else '' }}</span>
-                                    <span>收藏时间：{{ item.bookmark.created_at.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M') if item.bookmark.created_at else '' }}</span>
+                                    <span class="topic-category">{{ item.post_category or l('综合讨论', 'General') }}</span>
+                                    <span>{{ l('帖子创建：', 'Post created: ') }}{{ item.post_created_at.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M') if item.post_created_at else '' }}</span>
+                                    <span>{{ l('收藏时间：', 'Bookmarked at: ') }}{{ item.bookmark.created_at.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M') if item.bookmark.created_at else '' }}</span>
                                 </div>
                             </div>
                             <div class="profile-row-actions">
                                 <form method="post" action="{{ url_for('forum_post_bookmark_toggle', post_id=item.post_id) }}">
-                                    <input type="hidden" name="next" value="{{ url_for('user_profile', tab='bookmarks', msg='已取消收藏') }}">
-                                    <button type="submit" class="btn-link-delete">取消收藏</button>
+                                    <input type="hidden" name="next" value="{{ url_for('user_profile', tab='bookmarks', msg=l('已取消收藏', 'Bookmark removed')) }}">
+                                    <button type="submit" class="btn-link-delete">{{ l('取消收藏', 'Remove Bookmark') }}</button>
                                 </form>
                             </div>
                         </li>
                         {% endfor %}
                     </ul>
                     {% else %}
-                    <p class="topic-empty">你还没有收藏任何帖子。</p>
+                    <p class="topic-empty">{{ l('你还没有收藏任何帖子。', 'You have not bookmarked any topics yet.') }}</p>
                     {% endif %}
                     {% else %}
                     <div class="settings-grid">
                         <form method="post" action="{{ url_for('user_profile', tab='settings') }}" class="post-form">
                             <input type="hidden" name="action" value="profile">
-                            <h3>基础资料</h3>
+                            <h3>{{ l('基础资料', 'Profile Info') }}</h3>
                             <div class="form-group">
-                                <label for="username">用户名</label>
+                                <label for="username">{{ l('用户名', 'Username') }}</label>
                                 <input id="username" name="username" type="text" required minlength="3" maxlength="20" value="{{ profile_user.username }}">
                             </div>
                             <div class="form-actions">
-                                <button type="submit" class="forum-btn-primary">保存资料</button>
+                                <button type="submit" class="forum-btn-primary">{{ l('保存资料', 'Save Profile') }}</button>
                             </div>
                         </form>
 
                         <form method="post" action="{{ url_for('user_profile', tab='settings') }}" class="post-form">
                             <input type="hidden" name="action" value="password">
-                            <h3>修改密码</h3>
+                            <h3>{{ l('修改密码', 'Change Password') }}</h3>
                             <div class="form-group">
-                                <label for="current_password">当前密码</label>
+                                <label for="current_password">{{ l('当前密码', 'Current Password') }}</label>
                                 <input id="current_password" name="current_password" type="password" required>
                             </div>
                             <div class="form-group">
-                                <label for="new_password">新密码</label>
+                                <label for="new_password">{{ l('新密码', 'New Password') }}</label>
                                 <input id="new_password" name="new_password" type="password" required minlength="6">
                             </div>
                             <div class="form-group">
-                                <label for="confirm_password">确认新密码</label>
+                                <label for="confirm_password">{{ l('确认新密码', 'Confirm New Password') }}</label>
                                 <input id="confirm_password" name="confirm_password" type="password" required minlength="6">
                             </div>
                             <div class="form-actions">
-                                <button type="submit" class="forum-btn-primary">更新密码</button>
+                                <button type="submit" class="forum-btn-primary">{{ l('更新密码', 'Update Password') }}</button>
                             </div>
                         </form>
                     </div>
@@ -202,19 +211,19 @@
 
             <aside class="forum-sidebar">
                 <div class="side-card">
-                    <h3>账号信息</h3>
+                    <h3>{{ l('账号信息', 'Account Info') }}</h3>
                     <ul class="side-list">
-                        <li><span>用户名</span><strong>{{ profile_user.username }}</strong></li>
-                        <li><span>注册时间</span><strong>{{ profile_user.created_at.strftime('%Y-%m-%d') if profile_user.created_at else '—' }}</strong></li>
-                        <li><span>最近登录</span><strong>{{ profile_user.last_login_at.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M') if profile_user.last_login_at else '—' }}</strong></li>
+                        <li><span>{{ l('用户名', 'Username') }}</span><strong>{{ profile_user.username }}</strong></li>
+                        <li><span>{{ l('注册时间', 'Joined') }}</span><strong>{{ profile_user.created_at.strftime('%Y-%m-%d') if profile_user.created_at else '—' }}</strong></li>
+                        <li><span>{{ l('最近登录', 'Last Login') }}</span><strong>{{ profile_user.last_login_at.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M') if profile_user.last_login_at else '—' }}</strong></li>
                     </ul>
                 </div>
                 <div class="side-card">
-                    <h3>快捷操作</h3>
+                    <h3>{{ l('快捷操作', 'Quick Actions') }}</h3>
                     <div class="form-actions">
-                        <a href="{{ url_for('forum_post_new') }}" class="forum-btn-primary">发布主题</a>
-                        <a href="{{ url_for('user_notifications') }}" class="forum-btn-muted">查看通知</a>
-                        <a href="{{ url_for('forum_index') }}" class="forum-btn-muted">返回论坛</a>
+                        <a href="{{ url_for('forum_post_new') }}" class="forum-btn-primary">{{ l('发布主题', 'New Topic') }}</a>
+                        <a href="{{ url_for('user_notifications') }}" class="forum-btn-muted">{{ l('查看通知', 'View Notifications') }}</a>
+                        <a href="{{ url_for('forum_index') }}" class="forum-btn-muted">{{ l('返回论坛', 'Back to Forum') }}</a>
                     </div>
                 </div>
             </aside>
diff --git a/templates/index.html b/templates/index.html
index 757ffba..982b0dc 100644
--- a/templates/index.html
+++ b/templates/index.html
@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@
 <head>
     <meta charset="UTF-8">
     <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-    <title>{{ site_name }} - 阿里云/腾讯云/DigitalOcean/Vultr 等 VPS 月付价格对比</title>
+    <title>{{ site_name }} - Global VPS Price Comparison</title>
+    <link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="{{ url_for('static', filename='img/site-logo-mark.svg') }}">
     <meta name="description" content="云服务器 VPS 价格对比表：阿里云、腾讯云、华为云、DigitalOcean、Vultr、Linode、AWS Lightsail 等厂商月付价格与配置对比，支持按区域、内存筛选，一键跳转官网。">
     <meta name="keywords" content="云服务器价格,VPS价格对比,阿里云价格,腾讯云价格,DigitalOcean,Vultr,Linode,云主机月付">
     <link rel="canonical" href="{{ site_url }}/">
@@ -42,24 +43,26 @@
     <header class="header">
         <div class="header-inner">
             <div class="header-brand">
-                <h1 class="logo">云价眼</h1>
+                <a href="{{ url_for('index', lang=lang) }}" class="site-logo-link" aria-label="{{ site_name }}">
+                    <img src="{{ url_for('static', filename='img/site-logo.svg') }}" alt="{{ site_name }} Logo" class="site-logo">
+                </a>
                 <p class="tagline">{{ t.tagline }}</p>
             </div>
             <nav class="header-nav">
                 <span class="lang-switch">
-                    <a href="{{ url_for('index', lang='zh') }}" class="{{ 'active' if lang == 'zh' else '' }}">中文</a>
+                    <a href="{{ url_for('index', lang='zh') }}" class="{{ 'active' if lang == 'zh' else '' }}" title="切换到中文">中文</a>
                     <span class="lang-sep">|</span>
-                    <a href="{{ url_for('index', lang='en') }}" class="{{ 'active' if lang == 'en' else '' }}">English</a>
+                    <a href="{{ url_for('index', lang='en') }}" class="{{ 'active' if lang == 'en' else '' }}" title="Switch to English">English</a>
                 </span>
-                <a href="{{ url_for('forum_index') }}">论坛</a>
+                <a href="{{ url_for('forum_index') }}">{{ '论坛' if lang == 'zh' else 'Forum' }}</a>
                 {% if current_user %}
-                <span class="header-user">你好，{{ current_user.username }}</span>
-                <a href="{{ url_for('user_profile') }}">个人中心</a>
-                <a href="{{ url_for('user_notifications') }}" class="nav-link-with-badge">通知{% if notifications_unread_count %}<span class="nav-badge">{{ notifications_unread_count }}</span>{% endif %}</a>
-                <a href="{{ url_for('user_logout') }}">退出</a>
+                <span class="header-user">{{ ('你好' if lang == 'zh' else 'Hello') }}，{{ current_user.username }}</span>
+                <a href="{{ url_for('user_profile') }}">{{ '个人中心' if lang == 'zh' else 'Profile' }}</a>
+                <a href="{{ url_for('user_notifications') }}" class="nav-link-with-badge">{{ '通知' if lang == 'zh' else 'Notifications' }}{% if notifications_unread_count %}<span class="nav-badge">{{ notifications_unread_count }}</span>{% endif %}</a>
+                <a href="{{ url_for('user_logout') }}">{{ '退出' if lang == 'zh' else 'Logout' }}</a>
                 {% else %}
-                <a href="{{ url_for('user_login') }}">登录</a>
-                <a href="{{ url_for('user_register') }}">注册</a>
+                <a href="{{ url_for('user_login') }}">{{ '登录' if lang == 'zh' else 'Login' }}</a>
+                <a href="{{ url_for('user_register') }}">{{ '注册' if lang == 'zh' else 'Register' }}</a>
                 {% endif %}
             </nav>
         </div>
@@ -171,7 +174,7 @@
     </footer>
 
     <!-- 浮动联系按钮 -->
-    <a href="https://t.me/dockerse" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="floating-contact-btn" title="联系我们 - Telegram">
+    <a href="https://t.me/dockerse" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="floating-contact-btn" title="{{ ('联系我们 - Telegram' if lang == 'zh' else 'Contact us - Telegram') }}">
         <svg class="floating-contact-icon" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor">
             <path d="M12 0C5.373 0 0 5.373 0 12s5.373 12 12 12 12-5.373 12-12S18.627 0 12 0zm5.562 8.161c-.18 1.897-.962 6.502-1.359 8.627-.168.9-.5 1.201-.82 1.23-.697.064-1.226-.461-1.901-.903-1.056-.692-1.653-1.123-2.678-1.799-1.185-.781-.417-1.21.258-1.911.177-.184 3.247-2.977 3.307-3.23.007-.032.014-.15-.056-.212s-.174-.041-.249-.024c-.106.024-1.793 1.139-5.062 3.345-.479.329-.913.489-1.302.481-.428-.009-1.252-.242-1.865-.442-.752-.244-1.349-.374-1.297-.789.027-.216.325-.437.893-.663 3.498-1.524 5.831-2.529 6.998-3.014 3.332-1.386 4.025-1.627 4.476-1.635.099-.002.321.023.465.141.121.099.155.232.171.326.016.094.036.308.02.475z"/>
         </svg>
@@ -181,7 +184,8 @@
         window.LANG = {{ lang|tojson }};
         window.I18N_JS = {
             empty_state: {{ t.empty_state|tojson }},
-            load_error: {{ t.load_error|tojson }}
+            load_error: {{ t.load_error|tojson }},
+            btn_visit: {{ ('访问' if lang == 'zh' else 'Visit')|tojson }}
         };
     </script>
     <script src="/static/js/main-simple.js"></script>